Working Class Conditions in Charles Dickens’s Hard Times

Authors

  • Adyar Saadi Khudhur English Department, College of Arts and Letters, Cihan University- Erbil, Erbil, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25098/7.2.29

Keywords:

Factories, Industrial Revolution, Social Class, Social Conditions, Workers

Abstract

This paper explores the workers' financial, social and legal conditions in Hard Times. The setting (time and place) has a great significance in the novel that shows some aspects of the industrial circumstances of the early Victorian period. In the introduction, a brief biography of the novelist, Charles Dickens and then a historical background of the novel is given. The laborers and master are going to be highlighted as well as some other minor characters who have a direct relationship with them. Through the explanation of the setting, the circumstances of the workers would be understood well. The effects, nasty effects of the industrial revolution and how it changes the society. How is the daytime of the workers in the black merciless and big factories? What are the rights do they have and what do they lack? How law is oppressing these poor, hungry workers unjustly. The differences between the laborers and manufacturers in terms of working and living create a broad distance between these two classes.

 

References

Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Bantam Classical edition/ April 1981.

George Ford and Sylvere Monod. An Authoritative Text Background, Sources, and Contemporary Reaction Criticism. Copyright By W. W. Norton & Company, INC. 1966.

Gibson, John W. “‘HARD TIMES’, A FURTHER NOTE.” Dickens Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 1965,

pp. 90–101. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44392678. Accessed 19 Aug. 2023.

JOHNSON, PATRICIA E. “‘HARD TIMES’ AND THE STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRIALISM:

THE NOVEL AS FACTORY.” Studies in the Novel, vol. 21, no. 2, 1989, pp. 128–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/29532632. Accessed 19 Aug. 2023.

Lincks, John F. “The Close Reading of ‘Hard Times.’” The English Journal, vol. 58, no. 2, 1969,

pp. 212–18. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/812596. Accessed 19 Aug. 2023.

Mohajan, Haradhan. The First Industrial Revolution: Creation of a New Global Human Era. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2019, pp. 377-387. (2019)

Milne, Ira Mar. Literary Movements for students: presenting analysis, context, and criticism on

literary movements. Second Edition, Printed in the United States of America, 2009.

Rather, Manjeet. Heart versus Head: Hard Times as a radical critique of Industrial Capitalism.Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities (ISSN 0975—2935), Vol. IV, No. 1, 2012.

Sampson, James, et al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. II. 9th Edition. New York, 2012.

Spector, Stephen J. “Monsters of Metonymy: Hard Times and Knowing the Working Class.” ELH, vol. 51, no. 2, 1984, pp. 365–84. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2872950. Accessed 19 Aug. 2023.

Published

2023-10-31

How to Cite

Saadi Khudhur, A. . (2023). Working Class Conditions in Charles Dickens’s Hard Times. The Scientific Journal of Cihan University– Sulaimaniya, 7(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.25098/7.2.29

Issue

Section

Articles Vol7 Issue2