https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/issue/feedThe Scientific Journal of Cihan University– Sulaimaniya2025-02-05T06:18:49+00:00Dr. Tara Taha Osman[email protected]Open Journal Systems<p style="text-align: justify;">The Scientific Journal of Cihan University – Sulaimaniya (SJCUS) Is an open access journal that publishes double blind peer-reviewed research, the journal is bi-annual journal (June and December), SJCUS has been established in 2017 by Cihan University-Sulaimaniya.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Approved by Ministerial Decree No.9967 0f 18/7/2017AD, for the Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research – Kurdistan Region- Iraq, with P-ISSN: 2520-5102 (Print), E-ISSN: 2520-7377 (Online) and DOI Prefix: 10.25098.SJCUS providing Long-term preservation services where the journal is currently archived by PKP PN.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">This journal publishes scientific research in Kurdish, Arabic, and English languages that contain the original scientific research standards in any of administrative, economic, accounting, Linguistics, legal, computing, technological, engineering, and the related fields.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><br />SJCUS journal is a member of CrossRef and CrossRef services. All published papers are checked by iThenticate and assigned a DOI.</p>https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/561The Role of Place Names in the Production of Other New Place Names (Name of Kani as an example)2025-01-30T20:48:14+00:00Shadman Salar Nariman Agha[email protected]<p>The paper is a comprehensive attempt to identify the phenomenon of place names in Kurdish language. The research consists of an introduction and two parts with the results that the researcher found and the references list. </p> <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> in the introduction, the significance of the research is presented.</p> <p><strong>First part:</strong> in this part, the methods of word formation in Kurdish language are clarified with examples.</p> <p><strong>The second part:</strong> is the significance and role of basic place names in forming new place names. Then a glossary is organised with 500 compound names with some proven scientific results in the result section.</p> <p>The significance of the study is that it becomes a basis and a source for Kurdish Language for producing more names of this type. Thus, based on that factor, Kurdish language is an agglutinative language. Therefore, the place name (kani) spring, for example, can take a thousand words as determinative for producing more place names and new names.</p> <p>The paper is a comprehensive attempt to identify the phenomenon of place names in Kurdish language. The research consists of an introduction and two parts with the results that the researcher found and the references list. </p> <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> in the introduction, the significance of the research is presented.</p> <p><strong>First part:</strong> in this part, the methods of word formation in Kurdish language are clarified with examples.</p> <p><strong>The second part:</strong> is the significance and role of basic place names in forming new place names. Then a glossary is organised with 500 compound names with some proven scientific results in the result section.</p> <p>The significance of the study is that it becomes a basis and a source for Kurdish Language for producing more names of this type. Thus, based on that factor, Kurdish language is an agglutinative language. Therefore, the place name (kani) spring, for example, can take a thousand words as determinative for producing more place names and new names.</p> <p> </p>2025-01-30T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/534Thought Principles in Sherko Bekas's Theatrical Poems2025-01-17T19:29:17+00:00Fadhil Majeed Mahmod[email protected]Heman Baba Ali Musata[email protected]<p>Theatrical poetry is one of the four main parts of poetry and forms a significant and large part of the nation's literature. Of course, theatre and theatrical poetry by all nations is based on the stage and situation of the environment at which they have existed and the way of life in which the community and nations are in, has given importance to it and developed. Furthermore, society's awareness has a major and effective role and of great value in this development.</p> <p>Like any other fields of poetry writing, the famous poet Sherko Baska, as of the other areas of poetry has had a great ability and a huge awareness and an important role in writing theatrical poetry, he has written many beautiful texts of theatrical poetry. Especially in the years of early stages of starting of the writing and entering of the world of poetry, like (KAWAI ASNGAR, ASK, DIWAR W DANGY XWEN). In the theatrical texts, there is a high level of thought and content of political, nationalism.</p>2024-12-01T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/535Childhood in the hiding place of the poet's soul 2025-01-17T19:54:01+00:00Salar Karim Hussain[email protected]<p>the summary of this research which is called: (the childhood in the hideout of poet`s soul), we find out that in Kurdish literature, there is a special type of poem that is written with a childish sense and spirit, at the same time it is highly philosophical and a deep level of artistic and logic can be seen from them.</p> <p>Using such technique by our poets refers to having a high awareness and deep knowledge by them which made them pass the limit of poem through this form of writing poems, to finally create a text that is full of delight and meaning, in a way its form looks childish and simple yet its context is full of wisdom and deep meanings, to this purpose they used the embodiment of children’s psychology and behavior, to give their poems the sense of children’s magical world.</p>2025-01-17T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/536The Concept of Faith in Kierkegaard's Understanding and a Comparison between Aristotle and Augustine2025-01-17T20:03:46+00:00Rebwar Hama Amin Hassan[email protected]Hameed Aziz Saeed[email protected]<p>Kierkegaard (1813-1856) was a Danish philosopher and theologian. Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a classical Greek philosopher, and Augustine (354-450) was an Amazigh theologian and medieval thinker. Three characters thought in three different times, in three different geographies, and in three different lives. All three have settled around the concept of faith and discussed its importance. Aristotle believed in reason, science, and empiricism, and Augustine believed that one acquires faith through reason and thought. Kierkegaard, on the other hand, is a strong critic of reason and science and a strong believer without linking faith to rationality and science. Thus, Kieckgaard agreed with Augustine in many ways and disagreed with him in several things, but he agreed with Aristotle on the existence of God as the source of existence and disagreed with science on the understanding of man. This study examines the contradictions and similarities between these three philosophers by adopting a comparative method of philosophical criticism, taking into account the concept of faith in the minds of these three philosophers and taking this concept into account in our world. The most important conclusion of this study is that difference is of high value and should be preserved in philosophical and intellectual discussions.</p>2025-01-17T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/544Memories and memoirs Definitions, characteristics and types2025-01-20T20:46:55+00:00Azhi Azad Abubakr[email protected]Sozan Karim Mostafa[email protected]<p>Like most concepts in the human sciences, memory and diary are two multidimensional concepts with many characteristics that make it challenging to find a comprehensive definition covering all types and forms. The scope and science specific to these two concepts are constantly debated in literature and history. They are also related to other sciences, such as sociology and psychology. This study is a theoretical attempt to define these two concepts, identify their types, characteristics, importance, and the common and different points between them. For this purpose, the different dimensions of these concepts, their function and importance to science and the different aspects of human science have been shown using library resources. The study consists of two main themes; the first is devoted to memory, its types, and characteristics, and the second discusses diaries and their types. It also explains their common and different points.</p>2025-01-20T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/537The Efficiency of an Instructional Program based on Discrimination Teaching Strategies On the Achievement of Students in the Tenth Grade of Literature in Geography2025-01-17T20:15:04+00:00Karzan Mohammed Arif[email protected]Ali Abdulrahman Jumaa[email protected]Shad Hamid Mohammed[email protected]<p>The aim of the research is to prepare an educational program based on (3) different strategies of educational strategies differentiated and the effectiveness of that program each of those strategies on the achievement of tenth grade students in Geography and The research followed the descriptive approach to preparing the program and the semi-experimental approach to applying the program in order to reach the research objectives through a zero hypothesis, which is:</p> <p>There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental groups who study by teaching lessons based on the proposed program with differentiated education strategies (Think-Pair-Share, jigsaw, graded activities), and the average scores of students in the control group, in a test achievement.</p> <p>The research community consisted of preparatory school students in the city of Sulaymaniyah, who chose a sample for his research intentionally in the school (preparatory school of Dr. Ezzedine Mustafa Rasool). It included (100) students and divided equally into four sections, as each group includes (25) students. After they were rewarded according to the variables (chronological age, previous knowledge, intelligence and achievement to be ahead of the subject in sociology), then they were divided randomly into (3) experimental groups, where each group was taught according to an educational strategy from the strategies of differentiated education, and a control group that was taught in the usual way. (100) students divided equally into four classes, each class comprising (25) students. After they were rewarded according to the variables (chronological age, prior knowledge, intelligence and achievement to be ahead of the subject in sociology), then they were randomly divided into (3) experimental groups, where each group was taught according to an educational strategy from the strategies of differentiated education and a control group that was taught in the usual way.</p> <p>The researcher prepared an exam to obtain the achievement of students consisting of 30 paragraphs and in the form of choices and then found the sincerity of the internal and according to the table of specifications and the sincerity of virtual by experts and the researcher got stability through repetition of the test on another group of students at the same stage consisting of (50) students and at two different times the period between the two times took two weeks and the value of stability ((0.84).</p> <p>The research data was processed using the following statistical methods: (One Way Anova), Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Eta-square, the Fisher equation, the Cooper equation and the researcher concluded that there were statistically significant differences between each of the first, second, and third experimental groups compared to the control group, and the differences were Between the three strategies in the interest of the second strategy (Jigsaw).</p>2025-01-17T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/538Targeted killing in the Light of International Law2025-01-17T20:28:00+00:00Rebwar Jabar Shekha[email protected]Rahman Ali Salimi [email protected]<p>With the rise of international conflicts, the reasons for and techniques of war have shifted, with conflict parties attempting to eliminate their adversaries using the most recent form of warfare. Targeted killing, as one of the most recent forms of warfare, is now widely used in international conflicts, with the use of drones and targeting individuals under the guise of fighting terrorism, but because these processes are frequently carried out within the borders of other countries, civilians are occasionally victims. Some of them defend it, while others oppose it, claiming that it violates the sovereignty of the countries and the principles of international human law. The lack of a legal foundation in this area that controls the regulatory structure of this issue has further complicated this issue and extended the gap between lawyers and researchers. Without a doubt, the rise of the phenomenon of targeted killings, as well as the lack of a legal basis for organizing, must be stopped, and this issue cannot be left in a legal vacuum.</p>2025-01-17T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/539Obstacles to the US Return to the Nuclear Deal between Iran and the P5+1 During the Joe Biden Administration2025-01-17T20:43:41+00:00Farid Dlshad Mohammed[email protected]Othman Abdullah Ahmed[email protected]<p>Iran and five other nations signed the nuclear agreement in 2015, during the Obama administration. Following US President Donald Trump's election, the US unilaterally chose to pull out of the agreement. but after Joe Biden was elected president, the US started to try to rejoin the nuclear agreement once more. This study attempted to pinpoint the challenges that the US had in trying to do so under the Biden administration. In order to achieve this, the investigation is carried out using the) Descriptive-Analytical (approach, which is predicated on the examination and investigation of the information's substance. attempting to fulfill the research's purpose What are the barriers preventing the United States from rejoining the nuclear accord during the Joe Biden presidency?</p> <p>The study came to the conclusion that, despite the Joe Biden administration's efforts to revisit the nuclear deal, there are a number of roadblocks to the initiatives, including Iranian preconditions, after examining the content of the evidence gathered. In order to assure Iran that the incoming US administration, led by Donald Trump, will not choose to back out of the nuclear agreement, they include easing all sanctions against Iran prior to the US resuming talks and delisting the Revolutionary Guards from the US terror list. Apart from these prerequisites, the start of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and Hamas and Israel were also among the elements that hindered the Vienna negotiations from coming to an end.</p> <p> </p>2025-01-17T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/567This was a Unique Style for the Kurdish Language (1960-1990)2025-02-01T09:13:31+00:00Mohammed Sabr Karim[email protected]Othman Saeed Karim [email protected]<p>Political independence stands as one of the main and vital issues in the Kurdish political movement. We have seen that this issue has been raised in discourse surrounding different Kurdish parties and political forces. Dealing with this essential problem is one of the main goals in the contemporary Kurdish political arena. Particularly since the end of the Second World War, wherein political pluralism became one of the elemental characteristics in the Kurdish political movement. Directly after the second World War there was only the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP). New parties and political forces were born from the conflict and contradictions that arose from the KDP. In this way the KDP was an opening for exploration within the Kurdish question. New political ideas were formed and explored in the form of new political parties. Thus, the Kurdish political movement in southern Kurdistan in the aforementioned time period has a distinguished nature in comparison to the previous ages.</p> <p> In essence, political pluralism has allowed political parties and forces the possibility to employ a greater capacity in their conflicts. However, this momentum struggled to achieve Kurdish national rights generally, along with substantial political independence. In other words, the transition from the political party age to party plurality has inflated the Kurdish issue. Moreover, it failed in being an efficient or effective instrument to organize Kurdish classes and variety groups towards national liberty. It has arguably created divisions and chasms that struggle to align due to conflicting interests.</p> <p> </p>2025-02-01T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/540Securitization of the sectarianism in Iraq2025-01-17T21:31:12+00:00Tara Taha Othman[email protected]<p>Security studies in international relations developed in the period following the two world wars, and external threats to the state formed the focus of the topics and principles on which security studies were based in the first era. In the period in which the world witnessed the end of the Vietnam War, the opening of research centers specialized in security affairs, in addition to the launch of new visions and theories, security studies shifted towards a new era based on the principles of deepening and expanding security. If insecurity requires studying existing threats and trying to reduce them, the real study of security in the following period meant reformulating what is considered a threat. In this context, the threats may not actually exist, and what presents and formulates them as security threats is our vision of it in a certain way. This development in the concept created another concept, namely the concept of (securitization), which is one of the concepts put forward within the views of (Copenhagen School).</p>2025-01-17T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/541The Dilemma of Community Security in Iraq after 2003: A Study According to the Propositions of the Copenhagen School2025-01-18T05:59:14+00:00Rashid Amare Yas Al Zaidi[email protected]Hemn Rawf Salam[email protected]<p>In today's world, achieving societal security is one of the fundamental duties of states, and internal divisions due to social heterogeneity constitute one of the obstacles to achieving this goal. The Copenhagen School considered this by presenting the concept of the societal security dilemma, which focused on conflicts over identity and internal divisions. In light of that, This study sheds light on the societal security dilemma in Iraq after 2003. The study concludes that the theory of the societal security dilemma advanced by the Copenhagen School is consistent with the analysis of the phenomenon of insecurity in Iraqi society, as Iraqi society consists of multiple religious, national and sectarian groups, which constitute one of the challenges to comprehensive security for the Iraqi society and is dominated by the identity conflict and the dominance of competing will over cooperatively will. This will be examined based on three fundamental requirements: The first section is an introduction to the Copenhagen School and the societal security challenge, while the second part is the relationship between identity and the societal security dilemma in Iraq. Finally, the third section examines the indications and causes of Iraq's social security challenge.</p> <p> </p>2025-01-18T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/542Paradiplomacy of the Kurdistan Region and the Nature of Iraqi Diplomacy2025-01-18T06:20:50+00:00Abid Xalid Rasull[email protected]Karzan Mohammed Qadir[email protected]<p>The authority to practice diplomacy is one of the sovereign acts that states practice in their international relations, and it is recognized in many countries of the world that foreign affairs fall within the competence of the central government, especially in simple states or federal states, and in Iraq since the adoption of the constitution (2005) of the federal state, The main problem emerges, which is the division of sovereignty between the central government and the region. This study focuses on the phenomenon of paradiplomacy, which has emerged significantly in foreign relations. Therefore, the interest of this research focuses on investigating the most prominent paradiplomatic activities of the Kurdistan Regional Government since (2005), and the research also studies the role of establishing the Foreign Relations Office of the Kurdistan Regional Government in managing and implementing foreign affairs to promote the interests of the Kurdistan Region. And discussing the role of Kurdish political leaders in strengthening relations and communicate between the Kurdistan Regional Government and regional and international countries.</p>2025-01-18T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/543The Relationship between the Principle of Consensus and Political Opposition 2025-01-18T06:38:38+00:00Falah Xalaf Kadhim AL- Zahiri[email protected]Rebwar Karim Mahmood[email protected]<p>The research aims to clarify the impact of the principle of consensual political process in the absence of the emergence of an effective and influential Iraqi political opposition, as the requirements of that process and its justifications that were said and cited regarding its adoption as behavior in managing the struggle of political forces and the upcoming competition between them contributed to causing a defect in the foundations of the approved political system, which It was reflected in the lack of opportunities for the emergence of a political-parliamentary opposition that contributes to correcting the paths of structural imbalance and alerting to mistakes, and then correcting the course of political science that the Iraqi political reality has suffered from since 2003, which created the accumulated crises.</p>2025-01-18T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/555Legal Problems Related to Agricultural Land Ownership in Iraq2025-01-26T06:16:47+00:00Abu Bakr Omer Hamid[email protected]Ismael Namiq Hussain[email protected]<p>The ownership of agricultural land has many issues in both Iraq and Kurdistan region of Iraq, and these problems have a historical root, so we discussed these problems since the Ottoman Empire took control of the land of Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq until now. We include in this research a brief history of agricultural lands in Iraq. Then we listed the legislation that was in force at each historical stage, which was regulating the provisions of owning agricultural lands at this stage, and we also focus on the topic that we related to each legislation during its entry into force at each historical stage, and in general, the problems related to the ownership of agricultural lands in Iraq since the date of inception the control of the Ottoman Empire over Iraq is represented in the scope of ownership of agricultural lands and the controls that govern the ownership of these lands, especially the upper limit of ownership of agricultural lands, which has not addressed this problem so far as required, and we followed an analytical approach to study and address these issues. Eventually we reached several conclusions, from which we concluded that what is based on the lease of agricultural land in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq differs from what is based on it in Iraq, as it is based in Iraq on the law, which is the law of renting Agricultural Reform Lands for companies and individuals No.(35) for the year 1983, but that what is based on it in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is the statement of instructions, so we proposed to the legislator in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to issue a special law to regulate the provisions of agricultural land ownership, in which the provisions of the various agricultural rights are regulated, especially the right to dispose and benefit on the agricultural lands.</p>2025-01-26T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/550Guarantees for the Protection of the International legal Status of the Kurdistan Region - Iraq in Light of the Principles and Resolutions of the United Nations2025-01-25T08:28:39+00:00Bryar Sherko Abdulkarm Baban[email protected]Hallmat Saadun Kharib Al-Jabari[email protected]<p>After the formation of the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, the Parliament of the Kurdistan Region issued legislation distinct from Iraqi laws and more respectful of human rights issues, and all of this allowed the region to participate effectively in the universal periodic review processes, including the submission of national reports and the representative of the Kurdistan Region giving his speech in those processes, and all of this is considered An important development to ensure the international legal status of the region.</p> <p>The Kurdistan Region is the only region in all federal states that took the time to talk about its human rights record independent of the federal state. A speech on the subject of the universal periodic review, that giving a role, even if restricted to the federal region, is considered a development for the Kurdistan Region and international law. The Kurdistan Region-Iraq contributed effectively In a war against terrorism, based on the principle of legitimate defense and in response to Security Council resolutions regarding what terrorism, especially ISIS, poses as a threat to international peace and security.</p> <p> </p>2025-01-25T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/566The Concept of the Principle of Legislative Proportionality and its Legal Foundations2025-02-01T08:54:53+00:00Mohammed Star Abdullah[email protected]<p>The Constitution is the law of the governed and the rulers and must be applied at all times, and the texts of the Constitution must not be stopped even in the most severe cases, as saying to stop its texts means chaos and tyranny, and since every legislation issued must aim to achieve an aspect of the public interest and that there be An effect resulting from the occurrence of a factual or legal situation that prompted its issuance, and there must be a relationship with a great degree of reconciliation, closeness or proportionality between the three elements so that the legislation does not have an effect that is less or significantly greater than the reason that prompted its issuance and that it only aims to achieve Public interest.</p> <p>If justice is the endeavor of the judiciary and the endeavor of the individual to join the group and form the state, and if justice is a restriction on the legislative authority in its work, and if justice requires that individuals whose legal positions are equal be treated equally without discrimination based on gender, origin, language, religion or belief, Or the social, political, economic, or any other situation, the principle of legislative proportionality is important by protecting and respecting the values and supreme interests of society on the one hand, and respecting and protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals stipulated in the Constitution on the other hand, by reconciling them.</p> <p>Accordingly, the content and essence of proportionality in legislation is reconciliation and harmony between the highest interests of society and the rights and freedoms of individuals stipulated in the Constitution, and all of this is to protect society.</p> <p>The legal and philosophical path of the principle of legislative proportionality was not born of the hour and did not come randomly. Rather, there were previous foundations, ideas and principles upon which it was based, in addition to the existence of legal foundations upon which the constitutional judiciary relied in implementing judicial oversight over the discretionary power of the legislator. Therefore, legislative proportionality oversight is considered one of the most important mechanisms. Which is adopted by the constitutional judiciary in monitoring the discretionary power of the legislator.</p> <p>The adoption by different constitutions of the principle of legislative proportionality gave this principle a legal basis, as comparative constitutions adopted the principle of proportionality, explicitly or indirectly, through the constitution’s inclusion of texts that protect the rights and basic freedoms of individuals from the interference of various authorities in the state, or through the constitution’s text on human rights declarations and their consideration. Part of the effective constitution made this principle have a constitutional value, and this was confirmed by the constitutional judiciary in Iraq by extending control over proportionality in many of the legislation issued and issuing judicial decisions unconstitutional of texts that do not meet the requirement of proportionality.</p>2025-02-01T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/556Applying the Principle of Protesting theLegal Action Against the Parties to the Action2025-01-26T06:35:26+00:00Ismael Namiq Hussain[email protected]Rebwar Mohammed Salh[email protected]<p>Legal conduct has a material effect not only on the parties involved but on everyone else as well. Accordingly, the parties to legal conduct can use these legal conducts to decide how to deal with each other and with anyone else based on legal conduct.</p> <p>There are different types of legal conduct, such as unilateral, bilateral, and collective conduct, and each has its own meaning and implementation. Additionally, there are casual and formal conditions for implementing the principle of using legal conduct. In formal settings, such as not cheating, but in casual settings, it's the form of behavior and writing it down based on the type of conduct.</p> <p>Our research followed a comparative approach, and we found that the Iraqi legislator, like the Egyptian one, did not regulate this principle; nevertheless, the French legislator did, according to the new contract law released in 2016. This means that legal conduct is a fact, and everyone should follow and obey it, regardless of whether it complies with the law.</p> <p>To avoid legal disputes, we suggest that parties abide by the rules arising from the legal conduct, and the parties should refer to the legal conduct in dealing with others.</p>2025-01-26T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/546The possibility of applying the costing technique based on performance-based activity (PFABC) in achieving competitive advantage at the lowest possible cost 2025-01-21T19:22:30+00:00Rozhgar Azad Abdulhamid[email protected]Basima Falh Al-Naemi[email protected]<p>This research aims to identify the possibility of applying of performance focused activity-based costing (PFABC) in the hotel industry, and to highlight its role in reducing costs and then achieving the competitive advantage through the lowest cost advantage. To achieve this goal, PFABC approach has been applied in Dawa Hotel, a first-class hotel in Kurdistan Region/ Iraq, which is the in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. Data were collected based on direct visit to the hotel and interview with finance managers and accounting staff and from the financial statements of the hotel for the fiscal year 2020. Based on the results of practical analysis, the study reached a set of conclusions. The most prominent of which is the hotel used the direct materials resource in a distinct manner in the study year because there are no deviations, while there is an unfavorable deviation for the majority of the salaries and wages resource and the indirect costs resource, as a result of non-compliance with the planned cost and time for cost items. When calculating the productivity of activities, it was found that there are unfavorable deviations for the majority of cost elements for the main activities and auxiliary activities, i.e., it was not possible to use the hotel resources correctly due to the quarantine resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic. Last but not least, the application of PFABC approach will help the hotel control the costs of hotel services. This can be seen through production costs for the main activities and auxiliary activities, as it was found that the difference between the traditional system and the proposed approach amounts (16,343) dinars per guest, and this in turn achieve the competitive advantage, which is the advantage of the lowest cost.</p>2025-01-21T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/547Organic Challenges to Constitutional Justice in Iraq2025-01-21T20:49:10+00:00Shallaw Sabah Abdulrahman[email protected]Sardar Mala Aziz[email protected]<p>This study examines the organizational challenges that face the Iraqi Constitutional Court in realizing constitutional justice through addressing the major weaknesses and shortcomings that exist in the constitutional and legal organization of the Federal Supreme Court along with its negative effect on the existence and required organizational independence of the Court from the other public authorities and its constitutional role in guaranteeing constitutional justice or the constitutional goals that the court has been establishment for by exercising its competences, enforcing the provisions of the Constitution and protecting it from being violated by the public authorities. The article argues that the organizational independence of the Federal Supreme Court from the other authorities ensures that the Court carries out the constitutional tasks entrusted to it in the best manner and in accordance with the constitutional provisions and the requirements of constitutional justice</p>2025-01-21T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/559The Role of Open Records Accounting Technology in Supporting Supply Chain Management to Achieve Competitive Advantage2025-01-27T08:08:27+00:00Basire Majid Najim[email protected]Binaee Kawani Asaad[email protected]<p>The research aims to identify the concept of openbook accounting technology , explain its importance, define its dimensions, and indicate the effects it causes on the practices of supply chain management, and clarify the theoretical framework for openbook accounting technology and supply chain management, and this contributes to a statement of the ways to benefit from them in achieving competitive advantage. Through this research, it is possible to highlight the importance of openbook accounting technology, and to clarify the positive effects that can be reached in the event of completion of its application between the parties involved in the supply chains, and to strengthen the strategic relationship between industrial companies and their customers in order to achieve competitive advantages that ensure their continuity in the business environment. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher relied on the analytical description and the field survey to obtain data from its main sources by relying on a questionnaire designed to achieve the objectives of this research, then distributed it to a sample of accountants, auditors and financial managers in a sample of industrial companies operating in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, and to analyze the results of the field side. The two researchers relied on the results of the analysis of the program (SPSS VE 24 & SMART PLUS).</p> <p> </p> <p>Among the most important results of the research: the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the openbook accounting technology and the competitive advantage of (0.586), and the presence of an indirect, statistically significant effect of the openbook accounting technology (OBAT) on the competitive advantage through supply chain management as an intermediate variable, that is, the management variable The supply chain mediates the relationship between two variables: openbook accounting technology and competitive advantage. The research recommended the need to apply openbook accounting technology because it contributes to achieving competitive advantages for industrial companies, keeping pace with emerging environmental development, and opening books for partners within supply chains, which helps achieve and sustain a competitive advantage.</p> <p> </p>2025-01-27T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/548Artificial Insemination and its Legal and Religious Problems2025-01-21T21:03:33+00:00Sabat Mohammed Hassan [email protected]Jawad Faqe Ali[email protected]<p>The research deals with the subject of artificial insemination, which is considered one of the modern means artificial reproduction and addresses the problem of infertility in many families who suffer from it and are deprived children, but this process occurs in which some problems occur such as the problem of surrogacy rent, which is the subject of dispute and results in many family.moral, religious and psychological evils, and the opinion of Islamic law scholars and man- made laws must be known, and embryo banks, which are among the new topics must be shed light on, and the scientific material for him was distributed to three demands and a conclusion in which we summarizedthe most important results of the research and its recommendations.</p>2025-01-21T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/549"The Possibility of Building a Conceptual Framework for Audit Theory and its Reflection on Improving the Practice of the Profession"2025-01-21T21:23:02+00:00Yadgar Abas Homer[email protected]Ayad Shakir Sultan [email protected]<p>This research aims to shed light on the importance of the conceptual framework for auditing and the failures that the profession faces in the absence of such a framework, as the conceptual framework constitutes the basic pillar for formulating the standards that govern auditors' practices, in addition to the importance of this framework in establishing the foundations of auditing theory. The research relied in achieving its objectives on analyzing the results of the responses of the research sample members consisting of a group of auditors and academics working in institutes and universities in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, through the questionnaire form that was distributed to the members of the aforementioned sample, and a set of statistical methods were used to test the research hypotheses. The research reached a number of conclusions, including: The conceptual framework is an important reference for advancing the profession, and the lack of this framework at the local environment level makes the established rules and standards inconsistent with the requirements of this environment. In addition, the conceptual framework must be based on a set of objectives and concepts that constitute the basic idea point in building the framework, which represents the first step in establishing the foundations of auditing theory, which is based on a set of assumptions and principles from which standards and practical application tools for practicing the profession can be derived. The most important recommendations of the research are the necessity for professional associations and bodies in the region to play their role in trying to build a conceptual framework for auditing in light of the academic research and studies prepared by international professional associations and organizations, taking into account the variables of the local environment so that the established standards are consistent with the requirements of this environment.</p>2025-01-21T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/557The Role of Agile Marketing in Reducing Marketing Crises2025-01-26T20:24:03+00:00Dastan Burhan Ahmed[email protected]Lask Arsalan Baiz[email protected]<p>This study aims to analyze the relationship and the impact between Agile Marketing and its dimensions(Reducing Waste, Adaptive Ability, Communication, Reducing Costs, Continuous Innovation and Learning) and marketing crises represented by their stages(Pre-Crisis Stage, Stage During the Crisis, Post-Crisis Stage) private banks in Kirkuk Governorate- Iraq, A after reviewing a group of studies and literature, theoretical concepts were written and a model and hypotheses were built based on the dimensions of agile marketing and the stages of marketing crises, and based on the nature of the research and the objectives it seeks to achieve, the descriptive analytical approach has been relied upon. In order to collect data, the questionnaire was relied upon, and(120) questionnaires were distributed directly to the members of the community represented by employees in private banks in Kirkuk Governorate. After sorting and checking the received forms directly, the number of valid questionnaires for analysis reached (93). Several statistical methods were used, including arbitrators and Cronbach's alpha, to ensure honesty and stability, the Correlation Coefficient, where a correlation coefficient is used to know the relationship between variables, as well as Regression Analysis, where regression analysis is used to clarify all effects and predict the special value between the study variables, all of them Within the programs (SPSS-26) and(Amos V.25). The results showed a positive correlation and effect between the dimensions and stages of the research variables. Based on the results of the research, a number of proposals were presented related to the need for departments, leaders and supervisors in banks to focus on adopting the dimensions of agile marketing in order to avoid them, adapt to them, and get out of marketing crises successfully.</p>2025-01-26T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/562Psychological Capital and its Role in Achieving Organizational Happiness2025-01-30T21:05:22+00:00Fahmin Esmat Salim[email protected]Ranj Mohammed Nori Dawda[email protected]<p>The research aims to present the concept of psychological capital, which is one of the contemporary concepts in positive psychology and organizational behavior and its role in organizational happiness as a general concept the positive attitudes of the individual fall under which, as a whole, can provide the appropriate climate for the individual and collective performance of the organization as a whole. The research tried to test the correlation hypothesis Between the psychological capital of faculty members and their organizational happiness, as well as the hypothesis of the effect of psychological capital dimensions on organizational happiness.</p> <p> The research was based on the analytical descriptive method to test hypotheses The descriptive analytical methodology has been adopted to diagnose research variables and test hypotheses in administration and economic colleges of universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, the research population included (875) of teachers from (17) universities, and the sample consisted of (287) of faculty staff in the surveyed universities, who indicated their opinion regarding their agreement on the questionnaire.</p> <p> The data was analyzed based on a number of statistical tools such as arithmetic means and standard deviations as well as the correlation coefficient and regression. The research concluded that there is a significant correlation between psychological capital and organizational happiness and that organizational happiness The faculty members have correlations with their psychological capital in the surveyed universities. About proposing other variables that could affect the levels of organizational happiness within the framework of future studies.</p>2025-01-30T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/551Fiscal Policy and its Impact on Some Indicators of International Economic Relations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the Period (2004-2021)2025-01-25T08:50:26+00:00Hawar Othman Karim[email protected]Khalid Haider Abd Ali[email protected]<p>The research aims to study the reality of fiscal policy in Saudi Arabia and analyze the relationship between it and some indicators of international economic relations in it during the period (2004-2021). And the extent of the aforementioned policy's contribution to the development of its international economic relations. Using the (FMOLS) method, based on theoretical sources and official data published by the Central Bank of Saudi Arabia and the International Monetary Fund. showed that there is a positive (directive) relationship between public revenues and the indicators of the total balance of payments, the exchange rate and economic openness, as the increase in public revenues by one unit leads to an increase in the total balance of payments, the exchange rate, and economic openness, but the relationship between the budget Public expenditures, the total balance of payments, the exchange rate and economic openness were negative, and in the light of what was presented a set of proposals, which the researcher hopes will contribute to improving the role of public expenditures and public revenues and redirecting them towards developing indicators (exchange rate - balance of payments - economic openness) For international economic relations in Saudi Arabia.</p>2025-01-25T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/552Soft Leadership and its Role in Achieving Job Involvement2025-01-25T09:02:31+00:00Daroon Faraidon Abdulla[email protected]Ikram Farih Abdulqadir[email protected]<p>This research aims to analyze the relationship and the effect between soft leadership with its skills (cooperation and teamwork, initiative, communication, problem solving, personal mastery, showing empathy for others) with job involvement, represented by (cognitive involvement, emotional involvement and physical involvement). In the Directorate of Passports in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, and after reviewing a set of studies and literature, theoretical concepts and building a model and hypotheses were written based on soft leadership skills and job involvement dimensions, and based on the nature of the research and the goals that it seeks to achieve, it has been relied on the descriptive analytical approach. In order to collect data, the questionnaire was relied on, and (120) questionnaires were distributed directly to the society members represented by workers in the Passports Directorate in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, who numbered (193) employees in the Passports Directorate in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, according to the Directorate's data during the research procedure. After sorting and checking the received forms, the number of valid questionnaires for analysis was (77). Several statistical methods were used, including arbitrators and Cronbach's alpha to ensure validity and reliability, the correlation coefficient used to find out the relationship between the variables, as well as regression analysis used to clarify all the effects between the study variables, and through this analysis is done Predicting the value of all variables within (SPSS-26) programs. The results showed a positive correlation and impact between the skills and dimensions of the research variables. Based on the results of the research, a number of recommendations were presented related to the need for administrations, leaders and supervisors in government departments and Governmental institutions to focus on the dimensions of soft leadership in order to achieve job involvement.</p>2025-01-25T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/553Crisis and the Transition to Economic Diversification (2003-2021) Analysis of the UAE Experience and the Possibility of Benefiting from it in the Iraqi Economy2025-01-25T09:13:43+00:00Nihad Khalid Abdulqadir[email protected]Khalid Haider Abd Ali[email protected]<p>Economic diversification is a means for both growth and economic development and facing global crises, and that the scrunity of diversification, as it was in the experience of the Arab Emirates, must be within a holistic and undivided framework through which treatments are developed for the most important structural imbalances in the Iraqi economy, and this research deals with a theoretical model to analyze the problem that It states whether a rentier economy for a country like Iraq can diversify its economy in parallel with overcoming the economic situation, which is characterized by its vulnerability to frequent crises and fluctuations by benefiting from a successful experience, which is the United Arab Emirates. Oil, and the frequent vulnerability to crises of any kind, and the research aims to reach the mechanisms through which it effectively leads to the diversification of revenue sources in particular and the economy in general. The profitability of sectors other than oil, interest in investments in its various forms, and revitalization of the private economic sector, Waq The research discusses the most important mechanisms that must be available to achieve that goal, the most important of which is good governance that works to direct investments of all kinds to different sectors suitable for private investment and institutional transparency.</p> <p> </p>2025-01-25T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/563The Role of Strategic Insight Requirements in Achieving Organizational Excellence2025-01-30T21:27:16+00:00Nzar Mohammed Ali Mohammed Ali[email protected]Hadi Khalil Ismail[email protected]Mihvan Sharif Yousif[email protected]<p><strong>The purpose:</strong> The aim of the current study is to diagnose the role of strategic foresight requirements (strategic awareness, strategic dialogue, business intelligence, and capacity integration) in achieving organizational superiority (strategic planning, focus on operations, focus on workforce, information and analysis)، and an analysis of the relationship between them in public universities / Kurdistan Region.</p> <p><strong>The study problem:</strong> The problem of the study is the need for public universities to achieve organizational superiority. The problem of the study was expressed through a number of questions, including what is the degree of adoption of strategic foresight requirements? What is the level of organizational superiority achieved by the surveyed universities? Is there a significant impact of strategic foresight requirements in achieving organizational superiority?</p> <p><strong>Design / methodology:</strong> To achieve the objective of the study, the analytical descriptive approach was used to collect and analyze data to reach the results, and a questionnaire was adopted to collect data, and the final number of respondents reached (340) from the heads of scientific departments in all 14 public universities in the Kurdistan Region. The hypotheses were tested by adopting a number of statistical methods using the statistical package (SPSS version24).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions and Suggestions:</strong> The study came out with a set of conclusions by presenting the results of testing and analyzing the hypotheses of the study, the most important of which is the presence of a significant impact of strategic foresight requirements in achieving organizational superiority at the level of the overall indicator and at the level of dimensions, which means that whenever the surveyed universities adopt the requirements of strategic foresight, this leads to increase the ability of these universities to achieve organizational superiority.Based on the conclusions, a number of suggesions were presented, the most important of which is that it is necessary for the surveyed universities to adopt the requirements of strategic foresight and apply them in reality, as they effectively contribute to achieving the organizational superiority of these universities and adapting to environmental pressures and variables.</p> <p><strong>Originality / Value</strong>: The originality of the study stems from the scarcity of field studies that dealt with the relationship between strategic foresight requirements and organizational superiority in the environment of the Kurdistan Region, which means that there is a knowledge gap that highlights the need to bridge this gap through field studies in order to reach a better understanding of the nature of the relationship between them.</p>2025-01-30T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/554Adopting Holonic Manufacturing System (HMS)2025-01-25T10:25:57+00:00Prshng Salh Mohammed AL-Askari[email protected]Zahra Asad Sia Bndr[email protected]<p>The aim of the research is to reveal the level of adoption of the holonic manufacturing system in the Iraq MAS Group Holding for Building and Construction Materials in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The study gains its importance from the importance of the subject, which is the Holon Manufacturing System (HMS), which is one of the smart manufacturing systems, and is in line with the requirements of the modern manufacturing environment and the need for transformation, and the importance of the construction industries sector, which is the lifeblood of the national economy,based on the nature of the research and the objectives it seeks to achieve, the descriptive analytical approach was followed, and the questionnaire was adopted as a main tool for data collection and analysis after subjecting it to statistical tests, including: Cronbach's Alpha, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling to verify its stability, validity, and suitability according to the (AMOSV.23) program, as well as an evaluation The arbitrators, and the adoption of a Likert scale (Likert-5), to collect opinions and answers after distributing (58) questionnaires directly to all members of the community represented by the managers, who number (71), and after the sorting and auditing processes, the number of valid forms for analysis reached (45) forms It was processed statistically according to the (SPSSV.23) program,equivalent to (63.3%) of the study population. A number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which are: There is interest and knowledge by the members of the research sample in the holonic manufacturing system and its structure of components in the companies surveyed. There are levels of components of the holonic manufacturing system, and according to the results of the statistical analysis: the demand component ranked first, and the staff component ranked second. The resource component ranked third, and the product component ranked fourth, which indicates the possibility of adopting the system with all its components in the companies under study. One of the chances of successful transformation in the field and the establishment of new market positions.</p>2025-01-25T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/558Holistic Marketing and its Role in Enhancing Organizational Reputation2025-01-26T20:36:14+00:00Pirshing Salih Mohamad Al Askari[email protected]Shadan Tarq Hama Wazir[email protected]<p>This research aims to analyze the relationship and impact between holistic marketing in its dimensions (internal marketing, relationship marketing, integrated marketing, performance marketing) and organizational reputation represented by (moral, talented employees, financial performance, leadership, management, social responsibility, focus on customers, quality of services , reliability, quality of communication). In a number of private banks in the city of Erbil, Kurdistan Region - Iraq, which number (13) banks and the research community represented by managers (the director, assistant director, heads of departments, divisions and units) and their number is (117) managers, The analytical descriptive approach in the current study. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and to answer the questions raised in the research problem, the two researchers adopted a hypothetical model that reflects the nature of the correlation and influence relationships between the research variables, depending on a number of hypotheses, and several statistical methods were used, including arbitrators and Cronbach's alpha, to ensure validity, stability, and correlation. Numerator and structural equation modeling using (SPSS v. 24), (SmartPLS v. 4) and (Excel v. 2013). The questionnaire was used to collect the data. As (92) questionnaires were distributed to the responding managers, and (90) questionnaires were returned, but (2) forms that were not valid for analysis were excluded, leaving (88) forms valid for analysis, which represent the research sample. The most prominent conclusions were the existence of a positive correlation and impact between the research variables and its dimensions: holistic marketing and organizational reputation. And based on the results of the research, a number of recommendations were made related to the need for the banks under study to develop ways to achieve comprehensive marketing, because it is one of the most prominent types of variables that carry values of a positive nature, which enable support and achievement of organizational goals, especially organizational reputation. Recommendations were made to banks, institutions and other departments, and proposals for future studies in this field.</p>2025-01-26T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/560The Role of Enlightened Leadership in Achieving Organizational Excellence2025-01-27T10:23:58+00:00Nyan Kamal Rashid[email protected]Zhino Bakr Hama[email protected]<p>This study aims to determine the impact of the role of enlightened leadership in its dimensions (the role models, the role of the developer, the role of servant, the role of the changer, the role of the visionary) in achieving organizational ingenuity in its dimensions (exploiting of opportunities, exploring of opportunities) by analyzing the opinions of a sample of workers in some private hospitals in Sulaymaniyah city.</p> <p> </p> <p>The problem of the study was identified by asking the main question: What is the impact of the dimensions of enlightened leadership on achieving organizational ingenuity in some private hospitals in Sulaymaniyah city? In order to reach the answer, the study included a set of sub-questions to achieve the main and sub-objectives of the study, and to reach those goals, a group of studies and scientific sources were adopted to determine the dimensions of the study variables and formulate their hypotheses. As for the practical side, the study used the analytical descriptive approach to describe the study variables and analyze its hypotheses using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences program (SPSS 25). The number of distributed questionnaires was (175), and the number of retrieved forms was (155), and after excluding incomplete forms, the final number of forms valid for analysis was (144).</p> <p> </p> <p>The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a statistically significant effect of enlightened leadership in its dimensions (the role models, the role of developer, the role of servant, the role of the changer, the role of the visionary) in achieving organizational ingenuity in its dimensions (exploiting of opportunities, exploring of opportunities).</p> <p> </p> <p>Based on the foregoing, the study presented a set of suggestions, the most important of which is checking the quality of services provided by hospitals on an ongoing basis through the use of scientific methods, benefiting from observations and feedback provided by beneficiaries of hospital services, and coordination between the hospitals under study with the aim of exchanging experiences and benefiting from the strengths available in Each hospital in addressing weaknesses in the services provided by the hospitals under study, and using scientific methods such as interviews and questionnaires and collecting qualitative and quantitative information in analyzing the external environment of hospitals and benefiting from them in exploring new opportunities for developing the work of the hospitals under study.</p> <p> </p>2025-01-27T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/564The Role of Proactive Leaders' Behavior in Job Engagement2025-01-30T22:13:49+00:00Kawa Mohammed Faraj Qaradakhi[email protected]Dilman Ahmed Aziz[email protected]<p>The current research aims to shed light on the role of the proactive behavior of leaders with its dimensions (vocal behavior, assuming responsibility, individual creativity, prevention of problems) in achieving job Engagement for workers in the Passports Directorates in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The study followed the analytical descriptive approach, where a questionnaire was designed to collect data. The study population consisted of (493) workers.as (283) questionnaires were distributed to the research sample represented by the employees of the researched directorates, and the research sample was chosen randomly. (270) questionnaires were retrieved, with a general response rate of (95%), and after excluding (2) questionnaires that were not valid for statistical analysis, the number of questionnaires valid for statistical analysis reached (268), with an average of (99%) of the number of retrieved questionnaires. Some statistical tests were used through the use of the statistical program for the social sciences (SPSS-V24) and the program (SmartPLS v.4), the simple linear correlation coefficient (Pearson Correlation), and the structural equation modeling method. The results showed a positive correlation and effect between the variables. From which it is concluded that whenever leaders possess proactive behaviors in the researched directorates, this leads to improving the capabilities and capabilities of that organization in achieving the dimensions of job Engagement. Based on the results of the research, a number of recommendations were presented, the most important of which is that the administrative leaders in the researched directorates should adopt proactive behavior practices due to their importance in bringing about positive changes in the work environment, which is reflected positively in the results of the institution.</p> <p> </p>2025-01-30T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/570Classification and Predicting of Student’s Performance using Supervised Machine Learning2025-02-03T08:29:35+00:00Barham A Ahmed[email protected]Soran A Saeed[email protected]Hozan K Hamarashid[email protected]<p>Predicting student performance is an issue in educational institutions that researchers frequently discuss as part of improving teaching and learning. If teachers make use of prediction techniques and features, appropriate educational content will be created. The research explores how machine learning can predict student performance using machine learning algorithms such as decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting, and others which are explored. two datasets including student demographic, academic, and behavioral variables have been combined with algorithms such as Decision Trees, Random forests, K-nearest neighbor, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting and Ensemble Voting. The study focused on classification as Machine Learning task by implementing different classifier on two different datasets which are UCI student performance and E-Parwarda. The essential attributes that primarily affect evaluating the student’s performance are presented that increase the accuracy of the prediction of the student’s performance who wants to start study in university or institutes. The paper concludes that: Two different datasets are utilized to evaluate the models. In addition, various measures are computed such as train time, loss, precision, recall, f-score and accuracy. Consequently, Random Forest achieved highest accuracy (91.67) % based on E-parwarda dataset and GBoost achieved (87.69) % as highest accuracy-based UCI student performance dataset.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>2025-02-03T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/565Exploring Attitudinal Love and Lust in Christopher Marlowe and George Chapman’s Interpretations of Hero and Leander2025-01-30T23:03:10+00:00Tafan Kamal Kareem[email protected]Rezheen Nawzad Latif[email protected]Merhan Anwar Memon[email protected]<p>This study offers a comparative analysis of significant variations in the literary tone and attitude towards love and lust between both Christopher Marlowe and George Chapman’s versions of <em>Hero and Leander</em>. The mythological tale was first written by famous Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe’s version celebrates romance as a supreme literary magnet, attracting all essential elements of passion, idealism and lust. However, following Marlowe’s untimely death, George Chapman completed the epyllion. Chapman interestingly introduced a very moralistic tone in his rendition; underlining the immoral consequences of unrestrained desire and lust. Following a precise inspection of major elements and thematic expressions in both relevant texts, this study explores the opposing perspectives and attitudes related to love and lust through shedding light on the critical, social, cultural and philosophical contexts that presumably affected both Marlowe and Chapman’s versions. Through this study it was established that both of Marlowe and Chapman’s versions significantly varies from each other, this was accomplished based on the provided deep analysis of both texts and through examining the essential literary elements used associated with timeless themes of love, lust and idealism.</p>2025-01-30T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/571An Exploratory Analysis of EFL Learners’ Use of Modal Auxiliary Verbs in their Written Performance: The case of KRI Universities2025-02-05T06:18:49+00:00Lana Omed Faraj[email protected]Hoshang Farooq Jawad[email protected]<p>It has frequently been reported that the English modal verbs pose problems for EFL learners, including Kurdish learners, at both recognition and production levels. This problematic nature is attributed to a variety of factors, including the complexities of using modal verbs, their syntactic behavior and subtle meanings. The study's goal is to determine whether Kurdish EFL university students struggle with the structure of modals or their meanings and whether they have a sufficient understanding of English modal auxiliaries while they write in English.</p> <p>The study has set for itself a number of research questions to answer all of which cover the uses of the following modal verbs: Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Should, be able to.</p> <p>To achieve the study's objectives, two types of procedures were used: theoretical and practical. The theoretical procedure entails presenting a theoretical framework of the English modal verb, which includes definitions, classifications, features, modal verb uses, etc.</p> <p>The practical procedure, on the other hand, consisted of two procedures. The first entails selecting a sample of Kurdish EFL learners, developing a test, and administering it to the chosen sample after ensuring its validity and reliability.</p> <p>The test results were analyzed using appropriate statistical SPSS tools. The findings revealed that Kurdish EFL students have poor knowledge of the correct use and meaning of modal verbs in English. Also, the majority of Kurdish EFL university students failed to correctly distinguish between should/must auxiliaries and were unable to grasp the potential semantic difference between them because they used them interchangeably the majority of the time.</p> <p>The second practical procedure was an interview of six lecturers from three universities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the finding of the interview was that according to the instructors’ answers, KRI students' ability to use modal verbs is limited and they can correctly use modal verbs in writing only poorly. They perform better with regard to the form and structure of the modal verbs.</p>2025-02-05T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024