The Scientific Journal of Cihan University– Sulaimaniya

The Function of Particles in Sentences According to X-Bar Theory

2026-01-04T06:23:40+00:00

The phenomenon of particles in Kurdish syntax, especially when explained within the framework of syntactic functionalism, is a significant area of study. Particles as free morphemes with specific syntactic functions constitute an important part of sentence complementation in Kurdish. These morphosyntactic elements, most of which lack grammatical properties such as case, mood, and tense, nevertheless play a fundamental role in creating semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic relationships between sentence contexts. Despite these important and essential functions, particles have rarely been the subject of systematic and theory-based Kurdish linguistic research. This study attempts to answer these questions: What syntactic function do particles serve in the Kurdish language, and to what extent does the structure and meaning of sentences change with their presence or absence? How can particles be classified from a functional perspective? Therefore, this research has focused on the functional aspect of particles in Kurdish sentences according to X-bar theory. Based on the results and course of the research, it has become evident that different particles perform various functions within sentences.

The Role of E-dictionaries in Translation and Language Learning

2026-01-04T06:33:53+00:00

In the modern era, global languages emphasize on researches related to lexicography, especially with technological development and the emergence of electronic dictionaries, which have created a qualitative leap in the fields of translation and language learning. Electronic dictionaries are digital lexicons accessed through electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, and tablets. The characteristics of these dictionaries are digital storage of the words, their meanings, their definitions, and their pronunciations. That helps users to find the information about the words quickly and easily. Dictionaries, particularly electronic ones, serve as the first line of defense in preserving the authenticity of words and heritage of human language in the era of rapid changes and cultural globalization. Through recording words, clarifying their meanings, and connecting them to cultural and historical contexts, dictionaries contribute to the continuity of language heritage, its transmission to future generations, and preserving the cultural identity.

This research examines the Kurdish electronic dictionaries and their role in translation and language learning. The significance of this study lies in revealing the significance of using electronic dictionaries compared to traditional printed dictionaries and the effects of this transformation on the Kurdish language. So, the research also explores the impact of Kurdish electronic dictionaries and their benefits in fulfilling the requirements of the translation process and second language acquisition. Studies in the field of electronic lexicography are very limited despite their importance and increasing relevance in the context of rapid technological development. Therefore, this research is an attempt to fill another gap in this field.

Semantic Forms in Kurdish Language

2026-01-04T06:46:05+00:00

This study attempts to analyze Frame Semantics in Kurdish language. For this purpose, the study is conducted from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics school based on the theory of (Frame Semantics) of Charles Fillmore as one of the theories of cognitive semantics, which focuses on the background and knowledge of the speakers. He explains Frame Semantics and its importance in everyday life and demonstrates that linguistics elements in mind evoke a frame according to one’s experience, depending on how that element is encoded in mind. He claims that we only understand a concept when we have tangible experience with it. He believes that the concepts of a frame are stored in human memory and relate to their frames at the right time and place, he determines the reasons for the metaphorical usage of concepts, furthermore he explains how a speaker uses those concepts to describe a scene based on their own perspective and viewpoint? Hence the study aims to determine the frame semantics of words related to experience in Kurdish language, at the same time what are those concepts that are used in a specific frame?

The Problem of Synonyms in Translation

2026-01-12T08:18:37+00:00

Translation as a Linguistic and Artistic Process plays a central role in connecting and transferring ideas and information across diverse societies and languages. Fundamentally, the task of translation involves navigating the complexities of meaning, ensuring that the translated text in the target language retains the same meaning, message, impact, and cultural resonance as the original text. These intricacies of meaning and the differences between languages make the translator a creative core, rather than merely a conduit for transferring data from one language to another. Hence, semantic relationships, as a key aspect of meaning, are inseparable from these complexities. In this study, the phenomenon of synonymy is illuminated as one of those relationships that pose a challenge to translation.

Lexical Entry of Morphemes in the Kurdish Language

2026-02-09T07:52:32+00:00

The research titled (Lexical Entries of Derivational Morphemes in Kurdish Language), is an attempt to demonstrate and identify the lexical entries of derivational morphemes in relation to linguistic information of (phonology, morphology, syntactic and semantics), which are stored implicitly within each morpheme. All of this information becomes the factor for recognizing the identity of morphemes and showing the differences between them. At the same time, language speakers, relying on all this information, produce complete morphologically derived structures without any deficiency. The aim of the research is to prove the view that assumes stems behave as lexical material in the formation of words and lexemes, making their storage in the lexicon predictable, which gives them their own special lexical entries.

Basic Analysis of Music and Image in Bakhtiar Ali's Poems

2026-01-04T07:17:40+00:00

Melody is one of the most important principles of poetry، and one of the most influential aspects of poetry for the survival of poetry and its early publication، of course، the image is also the basic structure of poetry، which consists of a number of types، which are (language، thought، emotion، feeling، and reality) the structure consists of a core system، which organizes the different genres in the text and their to realtionships it connects them together، in this research we have tired to analyze

a basic melody and image for the poetry of the post، writer and novelist (Bakhtiar ali) for the purpose of clear understanding of the structure of his poems that is why our study under the name of ((basic analyses of melody and image in (Bakhtiar Ali poems)، it consists of an introduction، two parts، and a conclusion، each section consists of several paragraphs.

The Importance and Characteristics of Children's Stories in the Educational Process Primary grades (5,4) For Example

2026-01-05T08:46:26+00:00

All three heavenly books (Torah, Gospel and Qur'an) begin with stories. Most of the three books are stories, so stories play an important role in the formation of human personality, both large and small. However, telling stories to children has a greater impact on their emotions than the adult world, because children have a clean conscience and have not interacted with the irregularities of the world. Storytelling for primary school children, especially in grades one, two and three, is very necessary and important and one of the most influential factors in the education process. Because children cannot listen to advice and sermons from mosques and politicians. Whatever you want to instill in children's hearts, minds, feelings and thoughts must be largely through stories. Stories also expand a child's imagination and make him see the world more beautifully. Children's world is a pure and beautiful world full of colorful dreams, not like the world of adults dry and hard and cracked and a wonderful and colorful world! Those who are responsible for education must be experts. This does not mean that those who become educators must be academics and have reached this level through the grades of this type of education in our country and Middle Eastern countries Mix their upbringing and know how to behave and talk to children, how they can Open their hearts, minds and minds and prepare them to create dreams for them, make them happy, gentle and purposeful people.

The Role of the Family In The Psychosocial Adjustment Of Kindergarten Children From The Perspective of Parents

2026-01-05T08:55:10+00:00

The aim of this research is to understand the role of the family in psychological adjustment on one hand and the social adjustment of kindergarten children on the other, from the perspectives of mothers and fathers, based on several variables. It also seeks to assess the levels of psychological and social adjustment. In this study, the corelational descriptive method was employed. The research population consisted of kindergarten children in Sulaymaniyah City, covering Eastern and Western Directorates of Education. The sample was randomly selected and included 560 mothers and fathers of children from both public and private kindergartens in Sulaymaniyah. The measures of psychological and social adjustment used in the study were derived from previous literature and research. The most important statistical tools included the Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s Alpha, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between the role of the family and the psychological and social adjustment of children. Additionally, first-born children exhibited better psychological adjustment compared to middle-born children. Meanwhile, the level of psychological and social adjustment in children showed a significant relationship with the educational level of their parents. However, neither income level nor birth order had a statistically significant impact on children’s social adjustment scores. These findings highlight the crucial role of the family in fostering the psychological and social adjustment of kindergarten children in Kurdish society.

Effect of Hot Seat Strategy on Cognitive Performance Among Kindergarten Children in Sulaimani

2026-01-04T07:32:58+00:00

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Hot Seating strategy in enhancing cognitive representation among kindergarten children in Sulaymaniyah, compared with the conventional teaching approach. To achieve this objective, an experimental design was adopted, consistent with the nature and purpose of the research. Four null hypotheses were formulated to guide the investigation. The study population comprised all kindergarten children aged (5–6) years enrolled in kindergartens within Sulaymaniyah. From this population, a random sample of (30) children (both boys and girls) were selected and divided equally into two groups: an experimental group, which received instruction through the Hot Seating strategy, and a control group, which was taught using traditional methods. The primary data collection tool was the Cognitive Representation Scale, consisting of 18 multiple-choice items. The validity and reliability of the scale were established prior to its administration. The intervention was implemented over an eight-week period at the beginning of the (2024–2025) academic year, using content from the first two units of the kindergarten curriculum: “Me and My Friends” and “Water and Food.” Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results demonstrated that the Hot Seating strategy exerted a positive influence on cognitive representation among kindergarten children. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was observed at the (0.05) level between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the experimental and control groups, with outcomes favoring the experimental group.

Social Structure In The Idol Of Language And Thought Of Kurdish Society (View Of Women As An Example)

2026-01-05T09:04:13+00:00

This research is entitled "Social composition in the framework of Kurdish language and thought (View of women as a model)", which means that it is in the field of sociolinguistics and worked on social composition and its types in Kurdish language and thought Collective thinking, embodied through social compositions. This study attempts to analyze and present the thoughts of Kurdish society through social composition.

The content of the research is divided into two chapters:

Chapters One: A summary of social composition, which includes several topics, namely (concepts and terms of social composition, views and interpretations of social composition, types of social composition social ones).

The second chapter is dedicated to (social composition in the framework of language and thought of Kurdish society) and includes the following topics (language and thought, the relationship between them, the influence of thought and language on each other, social thinking and social thinking about women). Finally, the most important results obtained and the list of sources used.

Youth Exposure to the TikTok Platform and Its Reflection on their Social Values

2026-01-04T07:43:07+00:00

The main problem of this study is the unclear exposure of the research sample to TikTok platform and its reflection on the social values of young people in Sulaimani, in order to determine the size and level of exposure to TikTok platform. With knowledge of the motivations and needs of exposure to the TikTok platform among the study sample. The researcher used descriptive type and survey method to achieve the objective of the research. The research community is the youth of Sulaimani and the researcher's sample was (250) After answering the questions of the survey form, the researcher concluded that most of the sample in Sulaimani sometimes and through mobile phones They are exposed to TikTok for two to three hours a day in the evening through videos. Also, the level of attention and trust of the research sample to the issues related to social values in the TikTok platform is more sometimes and the level of interaction of the research sample in Sulaimani province is more sometimes to the issues related to social values in the TikTok platform. The sample in Sulaimani province is more aware of various events in order to meet their conscientious needs.

Administrative Powers of Local Decentralized Administrations in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region

2026-01-04T09:01:35+00:00

The administrative competences of local administrations constitute the backbone of the system of administrative decentralization, as they grant them the ability to manage the affairs of local units independently, while preserving the constitutional and legal framework that regulates the relationship of these administrations with the central authority. In this research, the focus has been placed on the administrative competences of local administrations by highlighting the practical challenges facing the implementation of these powers.

The study relied on two scientific methodologies: the descriptive-analytical method, through discussing and analyzing the constitutional and legal texts related to the subject of the research; and the comparative method, which was manifested through conducting a comparison between legal systems, particularly the Iraqi legal system and that of the Kurdistan Region.

Determining the Legal Mother in Cases of Surrogacy and the Problems Arising from it

2026-01-12T08:36:15+00:00

The research addressed the issue of determining the legal mother in surrogacy arrangements through a comparative analytical study of different legal systems. The analysis revealed significant legislative variation among countries, with some adopting the biological standard “the egg donor” while others rely on the contractual standard “the surrogate “. The study highlighted the absence of clear legal regulation in Iraqi legislation, creating a legislative gap that depends on Islamic jurisprudential interpretations, which tend to be restrictive. The research identified major challenges in establishing parentage, custody, rights, and the resulting financial implications “alimony and inheritance “The study recommended the necessity of enacting specific Iraqi legislation to regulate this matter, taking into account Sharia- compliant guidelines and ethical considerations. It also proposed a draft law to amend Iraqi legislation on the subject.

Specific Performance in Contractual Liability

2026-01-12T10:22:06+00:00

No obligation exists unless it involves specific performance, and this performance relates to a specific object, whether fungible or of unique value, which the debtor is obligated to perform in kind. In this research, we discussed the conceptual framework of specific performance in contractual obligations involving fungible goods, whether goods or services, where performance undergoes modification or substitution after contractual liability is established, converting it to substitute performance (compensation). The legal ruling varies according to the nature of performance before and after the modification. The research also examined the close relationship between specific performance of fungible goods and contractual liability, especially in light of the principle "fungible goods do not perish." We focused on the problematic issue regarding the extent to which liability for performance of fungible goods is established under this principle. We concluded that liability does not arise if the principle is applied absolutely, while it is established if restricted to designated fungible items. This was based on a comparative analytical study between Iraqi, Egyptian, and Emirati laws, which required dividing the research into two sections: the first concerns the nature of specific performance of fungible goods, and the second examines the relationship between specific performance in obligations involving fungible goods and contractual liability.

Judicial Ruling: Between Induction And Deduction

2026-01-05T09:25:25+00:00

This research explores the role of the inductive approach in constructing judicial rulings, describing it as a systematic rational process that begins with a detailed analysis of facts and their logical sequential connection. This enables the judge to assess evidence on precise rational grounds, leading to a deeper understanding of the dispute. This analysis represents an introduction to the next stage, legal deduction, which includes the legal classification of facts and the interpretation of relevant legislative texts, leading to the formulation of the judicial ruling and its clear justification. The research begins with a central question: Is a judicial ruling merely a formal decision issued by the court within legal procedures, or is it a rational process that requires the use of tools of logic and legal analysis? The research concluded that a judicial ruling is not a formal decision, but rather a complex rational product that requires analytical skill and logical thinking, which gives it objective value and enhances the guarantees of justice. The research also addressed a fundamental problem represented by the apparent contradiction between the inductive approach based on facts and the deductive approach based on legal texts. It sought to harmonize these two approaches in formulating a judicial ruling that is integrated in terms of form and content. The importance of this research lies in its critique of the traditional jurisprudential view that empties the judicial ruling of its inferential content, treating it as a purely formal procedure, overlooking its complex rational nature that blends factual analysis and legal interpretation, thus establishing a just ruling that is subject to objective evaluation.

This research addresses the role of the inductive approach in formulating judicial rulings. Judges rely on factual analysis using a precise inductive approach, aiming to deconstruct and link the facts in a logical, sequential manner. Through this analysis, the judge evaluates the evidence based on sound rational and logical foundations, achieving a deep understanding of the dispute before them. Based on this analysis, the judge moves to the stage of legal deduction, which begins with a precise legal characterization of the facts, then interprets the relevant legal texts, and concludes with the formulation of the judicial ruling and the explanation of the reasons upon which it is based. This research attempts to answer a central question: Is a judicial ruling merely a formal decision issued by the court according to formal procedures, or is it a rational process requiring the use of logic and sound analysis? The research concludes that a judicial ruling is a complex rational process, not merely a formal decision. It requires skill and precise rational thought, ensuring a fair and correct ruling and contributing to strengthening guarantees of the validity of litigation and the achievement of justice.

The Impact of Economic Liberalization on Economic Growth in Iraq For The Period (2004-2023)

2026-01-05T10:00:07+00:00

Economic openness is one of the most important aspects of the global economy because of its effects on macroeconomic variables. This research aims to show the impact of economic openness on economic growth in Iraq, using the (ARDL) methodology, the autoregressive model of distributed lags. The research found that economic openness has a positive impact on economic growth in the long-run, but in the short-run it has a negative impact. This is due to the fact that the Iraqi economy is a rentier economy and depends on oil to finance its revenues, in addition to its weak productive structure. In order to achieve economic growth, it is necessary to diversify the economic base and develop infrastructure, in addition to developing targeted trade policies to capitalize on the benefits of openness.

Measuring and Analyzing The Impact of Industrial Development on Achieving Sustainable Development

2026-01-06T08:13:31+00:00

When it comes to fueling the economy, raising living standards, and lowering unemployment rates, industrial growth is crucial. In order to accomplish sustainable development objectives, it is necessary to thoroughly assess the consequences of technological advancement on the economy, society, and environment. This research aims to assess and contrast the US and China in terms of sustainable development indicators such as industrial development's effect on GDP growth, unemployment rates, and CO₂ emissions. For the objective of assessing the connections between the variables over the short and long term, the study technique relied on the ARDL model and the Bounds Test method. It used time series data from 2000 to 2023 for comparison analysis. The study found a number of things, but the most crucial one is that industrial growth helps both China and the US achieve sustainable development, but the effect is less in China. While the United States strives for industrial stability through its heavy reliance on clean technology, China continues to confront environmental challenges as a result of its heavy industries and traditional energy sources. In contrast, China benefits from rapid industrial expansion. Based on the research, it is recommended that the United States of America invest in industrial innovation and clean energy transition to make growth more sustainable, while China should prioritize green industries and cut pollution to make industrial development more in line with sustainable development goals. In order to attain integrated sustainability, it also suggests implementing industrial strategies that are adaptable enough to deal with global changes like health crises and energy price variations.

The Role of Quality Culture in Strengthening Institutional Standing

2026-01-06T08:24:34+00:00

This research aims to explore the role of quality culture in strengthening institutional standing in commercial banks participating in the e-financing project (My Account) in Duhok Governorate. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, as it allows for adaptation to the nature of the data and research conditions. The research sample included (58) employees from the banks surveyed, totaling (94) individuals. The questionnaire was designed in Arabic and Kurdish to collect field data. This research relied on the (SPSS. Version 27) program to analyze the data, using a set of statistical tools to describe the research variables, correlations, and influences. One of the most important conclusions reached by the research is the existence of significant positive correlations and influences between the dimensions of quality culture and institutional standing in the banks surveyed. The research concluded with a number of recommendations, most notably the need for the banks surveyed to focus on the principles and ethics of their work, as well as to promote a work environment based on mutual respect and appreciation.

The Role of Human Resource Flexibility in Enhancing the Organization's Strategic Position

2026-01-06T08:33:54+00:00

The current study aims to examine the relationship and impact of human resource flexibility and its dimensions (skill flexibility, behavioral flexibility, flexibility of practices, and coordination flexibility) on strategic position and its dimensions (shaping expectations and visions, building social networks, and learning processes). To fulfill the research aims, a descriptive analytical technique was utilized, with a questionnaire devised to gather data from leaders in (11) private hospitals in Sulaymaniyah City. The questionnaire was delivered to all leaders both personally and electronically via (Google Form). After selecting and analyzing the questionnaires, there were (145) questionnaires appropriate for statistical analysis. The data was analyzed using a variety of statistical approaches, including (SPSS V.26 and AMOS V.26). The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a direct correlation between human resource flexibility and strategic position, in addition to the existence of a significant impact of human resource flexibility in strategic position. Based on the conclusions, a set of recommendations were formulated. Most importantly, private hospitals should increase their focus on human resource flexibility and its dimensions, as this has a significant impact on strengthening the hospital's strategic position.

Investment Portfolio Security Strategy Based on the Proposed SLPI-M Model in the Digital Environment

2026-01-06T08:49:00+00:00

The study aims to test a stop-loss insurance strategy using a proposed model (SLPI-M). This aims to bridge the gap in stop-loss strategies that lack mechanisms to determine the optimal minimum stop-loss limit. The study presented a proposed model for determining the optimal minimum stop-loss, and it was tested. During the testing process, attention was paid to the digital environment represented by the cryptocurrency market. The study population was represented in two fields: the first included (65) companies listed on the Dubai Financial Market from (9) sectors, and the second represented cryptocurrencies listed on the (coingecko) platform. The study sample included (27) companies from (7) different sectors, which met the condition of continuous trading in the company's shares without interruption during the period covered by the study. The number was reduced to (8) companies listed on the Dubai Financial Market, which had been included in an optimal investment portfolio built according to the simple incremental method within the framework of the doctoral thesis from which this study was derived. As for cryptocurrencies, the sample included (4) cryptocurrencies selected based on market capitalization and trading continuity during the study period, which spanned the period from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. To test the study objectives, the proposed model was used. The study reached several conclusions, including that the investment portfolio insurance strategy based on a stop-loss model, using the proposed model, is effective in reducing losses and achieving its objectives in highly volatile cryptocurrency markets, while the results showed the opposite when applied to the more stable stock market. In light of the study results, several recommendations were put forward, most notably the recommendation to adopt a stop-loss strategy based on the SLPI-M model by investors and investment fund managers in the cryptocurrency market, in addition to the recommendation to test this model in different financial markets.

The Role of Financial Innovations in Achieving Financial Sustainability

2026-01-06T10:12:40+00:00

This research examines two fundamental dimensions of the contemporary banking environment: financial innovations, serving as the independent variable, as reflected in the adoption of electronic payment channels (the number of Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Point of Sale devices (POS), and Points of Cash Payment (POC)) as technological tools reflecting the development of banking infrastructure. The dependent variable is represented by financial sustainability indicators, including: net profit, capital strength, liquidity, and return on assets (ROA), As they reflect the robustness of banks’ financial positions and their capacity to sustain operations and achieve growth in a dynamic and evolving environment.

The research aims to examine the impact of financial innovations on achieving financial sustainability in Iraqi banks, through the analysis of data from 30 active banks in Iraq over the period from 2017 to 2024. The research adopts a quantitative analytical approach, The data of the banks in the research sample were analyzed based on their annual financial statements using Excel 2019, and utilizing statistical modeling to describe the main variables and to examine the relationships among them. The analysis was conducted using statistical software, specifically (SPSS V.28) and (R-5.4.1), to ensure accuracy and reliability in interpreting the data.

After conducting the required analyses of the sample's financial data and testing the hypotheses, the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that financial innovations have a positive impact on profitability and the rate of return on assets, while they have a negative impact on liquidity ratios and capital strength.

The research reached several recommendations, the most important of which is the need to enhance investment in financial innovations to achieve efficient financial performance, while adopting balanced financial policies that support self-financing, and enhance their ability to adapt to the requirements of the modern digital banking environment.

The Role of Cognitive Intelligence in Strategic Recovery

2026-01-07T10:19:23+00:00

This study aims to demonstrate the role of cognitive intelligence in its two dimensions (systematic thinking, pattern recognition) in strategic recovery in its dimensions (problem-solving initiative, compensation, apology, and rapid response). Technical institutes in Sulaymaniyah were selected as the research area. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, using a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale as a data collection tool. The study sample included (132) teachers in various departments from a population of (183) teachers. Data was collected, analyzed, and hypotheses tested using several statistical methods, assisted by the (SPSS V. 26) statistical program. The study reached several results, the most important of which was (the existence of a correlation and impact between cognitive intelligence and strategic recovery). The study presented several recommendations, the most important of which was investing in cognitive intelligence as strategic capital by establishing strategic thinking teams capable of anticipating the future and transforming challenges into opportunities for growth and development.

SuperiorLeadership and its Role in Job Procrastination

2026-01-12T09:11:02+00:00

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of superior leadership with its dimensions (self-efficacy, self-motivation, self-determination, and self-regulation) on job procrastination (soldiering, procrastination on the Internet). For employees of numerous private hospitals in the city of Sulaymaniyah. The model and hypotheses were constructed based on the dimensions of superior leadership and job procrastination after the review of the research literature. Based on the nature of the research and the objectives it seeks to achieve; the descriptive analytical approach was adopted. A questionnaire was utilized to collect the primary data depending on random sampling technique consist of (200) employees. The questionnaire was then delivered to the research participants. Several statistical methods were used, including Cronbach's α, descriptive analysis, and correlation coefficient to determine the relationships between variables, and regression analysis to clarify all effects and predict the specific value between all study variables within SPSSv. 24 for analyzing the data. The results demonstrated existence of a significant correlation and effect between the study variables. The research findings led to several recommendations regarding the importance of establishing a work environment that adheres to laws and regulations regarding time management and the timely completion of tasks. Furthermore, it is essential to guarantee that the workload is equitably distributed and corresponds with the designated time for completion.

The Multidimensional Nature of Utopian Thinking in Architecture

2026-01-04T09:30:45+00:00

Utopian thinking in architecture is often treated as a singular spatial ideal, reducing its complexity to formal or physical configurations. This paper challenges that reductive view by proposing a multidimensional framework that interprets utopia through four interconnected lenses—place, time, character, and object. Rather than functioning as isolated categories, these dimensions operate simultaneously and relationally, shaping how architectural utopias are imagined, represented, and materialized. The study develops this four-lens framework through a theoretical synthesis of architectural history, urban theory, and critical utopian studies, demonstrating how each dimension influences and depends on the others: place anchors contextual meaning; time frames continuity and change; character interprets human values and identities; and object reveals material and symbolic manifestations. Using this framework as an interpretive diagnostic tool, the paper analyzes selected architectural visions to illustrate how multidimensional utopian thinking expands beyond formal idealization toward richer social, cultural, and temporal readings. The findings show that utopian concepts in architecture gain coherence only when these four dimensions are understood as co-produced rather than hierarchical or sequential. The contribution of the paper lies in offering a holistic analytical tool that broadens contemporary architectural discourse beyond spatial determinism. By highlighting the relational interplay of place, time, character, and object, the framework supports more ethical, inclusive, and diverse approaches to addressing modern urban challenges. This multidimensional perspective invites architects, planners, and theorists to rethink utopia not as a fixed blueprint but as an evolving lens for imagining more equitable built environments.

Survey and Classification of Soil Texture on both Banks of Sirwan River, Kurdistan Region, Iraq Using Remote Sensing and GIS.

2026-01-13T09:22:55+00:00

This study uses integrated remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) methods to analyze the survey and classification of soil texture on both sides of the Sirwan River. The main problem of this study is that there is no accurate description of the soil texture of the study area through GIS. The study region, which spans 79. 7 km between Darbandikhan and Kalar in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, was examined using field sampling and laboratory analysis of 30 soil sites. Using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Texture Triangle, soil texture was classified according to the ratios of sand, silt, and clay. Spatial modeling in ArcMap was supported by Landsat 9 satellite imagery. The main objectives of this study is to classify soil texture, to show the impact of fluvial dynamics on the difference in soil textures between the two river banks and to mapping soil texture of the study area. The results showed that the region's major soil textures are loamy (66. 5%) and silty loam (33. 5%), which are caused by the river's fluvial environment's sediment deposition patterns. Because of continuous quarrying operations, the left riverbank displayed more variation in soil particle distribution, whereas the right bank was more stable. The sediment sorting process was confirmed by statistical analysis, which revealed significant correlations between soil elements. The combination of remote sensing and geographic information systems proved useful for mapping soil heterogeneity and provided significant information for land use planning, erosion control, and sustainable agriculture. The study emphasizes the promise of digital soil mapping methods and suggests further investigation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and hyperspectral imaging to improve accuracy.

Evaluating the Energy Performance of Standard and Nano-Coated Glass Facades Buildings

2026-01-13T08:49:09+00:00

Recently, the increased cooling energy demand has posed additional challenges to buildings, especially in the summer under prolonged exposure to the sun. Consequently, the design of the façade and the choice of glazing are vital in improving energy performance and reducing solar heat gain. The current research examines the effectiveness of nano-coated Low-E glazing VS regular double-glazing on cooling loads of southwest-facing façades of buildings in the governorate of Sulaymaniyah in Iraq. "Autodesk Revit and Autodesk Carbon Insight Analysis" were used to develop the modeling of three mixed-use commercial buildings, which are of different architectural forms, glazing ratios, and zoning inside the buildings. The internal loads with the same local summer climate data were used on all models to focus on the influence of the glazing type. Energy savings by using silver nano Low-E coated glass in the three case studies: Gawhary Mulk saved 40.64%, in Aqary Building, 28.84%, and 24.61% in Mix Brand. Buildings were found to have the greatest performance gains through the use of large, unshaded, southwest-facing units that had high windows-to-wall ratios. In comparison to the ASHRAE Standard 90.1, the nano-glass buildings meet or exceed the recommended cooling energy intensity (173.7 kWh/m²/year); however, in the case of standard glazing, it exceeds this in most cases. These results prove the energy-saving potential of nano-coated glazing, emphasize the decisive role of façade orientation, and justify its usage as a passive measure to cut down the energy consumption of buildings in summer.

Hybrid Metaheuristic Approach to the Constrained Bi-Objective Minimum Spanning Tree

2026-01-14T08:46:46+00:00

The constrained bi-objective Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) problem seeks to minimize edge weight and hop count under strict cost and delay limits. Geometry-based evolutionary algorithms, particularly AGE-MOEA, provide a distinctive advantage because they replace traditional crowding-distance survival with geometry-aware scoring based on normalized Lᵖ distances. This mechanism explicitly models the geometric structure of the Pareto front, allowing solutions to be distributed evenly across irregular or non-convex trade-off surfaces, which enhances both diversity and convergence stability. Building on this principle, we propose a Hybrid MOCPO-AGE-MOEA that integrates the exploration strength of Multi-Objective Crested Porcupine Optimization (MOCPO) with the geometry-aware survival of AGE-MOEA. The hybrid achieves novelty through multi-level integration: alternating engines across iterations to balance exploration and exploitation, cross-injecting operators for greater adaptability, and applying feasibility-first repair to guarantee valid spanning trees underweight and hop constraints. The contributions of this study are threefold: (i) formal unification of bio-inspired exploration with geometry-based survival, (ii) a feasibility-preserving framework that ensures strict constraint satisfaction, and (iii) a balanced performance profile combining Pareto diversity, hop reduction, and competitive runtime. Experiments extend earlier benchmarks from 50-node graphs to more challenging 70-node instances, where the Hybrid consistently outperforms competitors by producing nearly three times higher Pareto diversity and the lowest hop counts, thereby confirming its scalability, robustness, and deep algorithmic strength.

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF RSRP AND RSRQ IN DENSE URBAN DEEP INDOOR SCENARIOS

2026-01-14T09:19:33+00:00

This study experimentally investigates, Long-Term Evaluation (LTE) performance in a deep indoor dense urban environment, focusing on Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ). Measurements were taken on a live LTE network operating on Band DCS1800 (EARFCN 1750) with a 20 MHz bandwidth. The main serving sites, Site-A and Site-B, significantly influenced basement signal reception. Site-A used a CNNPX303F antenna (gain 11.7 dBi, 68° horizontal and 23° vertical beamwidths, 46 dBm downlink, 23 dBm uplink, 25 m height). Before optimization, an azimuth of 350° and high RET (100°) produced weak RSRP (−115 dBm) and unstable RSRQ (−14 dB). After realigning Site-A to 30° and reducing Site-B’s RET to 50°, RSRP improved by 6–10 dB over the 15 m path, while RSRQ showed limited gains due to interference. The findings reveal that azimuth and tilt optimization enhance RSRP but remain insufficient for RSRQ stability without effective interference-management strategies.

THE APPLICATION OF ‘SWALES’ MODEL’ IN THE M.A. THESES OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS IN KRG UNIVERSITIES

2026-01-18T08:09:46+00:00

This research investigates the extent to which M.A. thesis introductions in Applied Linguistics written by postgraduate students in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRG) adhere to Swales's (1990) CARS (Create a Research Space) model for conventionalizing research introductions. The CARS model is well-known and often cited in research on academic writing. However, its application in the Kurdish context has remained under-researched in the context of individual language-based rhetorical practices, which are a combination of local academic practice and international practices.

The study employed a mixed-methods design in analyzing the introductory chapters of 15 M.A. theses from three universities in the KRG —Sulaimani, Salahaddin, and Duhok. The thesis introductions were analyzed using Swales’ three moves—Establishing a Territory, Establishing a Niche, and Occupying the Niche—and their respective steps.

The data indicate that students used all three moves, but they did so inconsistently. In Move 1, students accomplished the establishment of their topic's importance reasonably well. However, often with limited or uneven reviews of prior research. The most common strategy in Move 2 was to identify the gap in the literature for their study; however, very few adopted higher order strategies like counter-claiming arguments or continuing a tradition. Move 3 was the most consistently accomplished move, with students explicitly stating the purpose of the study, research questions, and named the structure of the thesis.

In conclusion, the study shows that Kurdish postgraduate students predominantly operate in line with the CARS model in composing introductions to theses. However, their use of some steps clearly denotes vestiges of local scholarly practice with regard to aspects of research writing conventions that differ internationally, and differences related to their degree of awareness of international research writing importance.