The Scientific Journal of Cihan University– Sulaimaniya

Narrative technique in Sherko Bekas's book (Kursi).

Awara Faraidon Qadr — 2025-06-10

Narration is an artistic and literary device employed by the author in their text as a means to reach the intended meaning. In all the fields, narration is the basis for dialogues, events and descriptions. Therefore, it is a crucial process of content production. In order to deliver its message, narration depends on condition of the ages.

Generally, narration plays an important role in all the literary genres, and it undergoes changes based on environment, time, place, conditions, history and society. It asserts its hegemony and establishes its position in the literary genres.

The poet uses the technique of narration in his poem collection of Kursi with the aim of presenting some important agenda of narration. The main purpose is to connect the reader to time with the aim of comprehending the conditions and events while resorting to different ages, with regards to the sequence of time, history or ages.

Personal adaptation in the elderly

Adl Mohammed Nori Abdullah — 2025-06-10

Psychological adjustment is one of the active subjects in the field of psychology, because if we don’t build aware and mentally stable people, we can’t build a healthy society. This research attempts to present the psychological adjustment of the elderly from the dimension of personal adjustment. The objective of this study is demonstrating the personal adjustment of the elderly according to (age, gender, education and marital status). The research was conducted using an analytic survey which is a method of social survey. The sample of the research consisted of elderly residents of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The results of the study show that personal adjustment among the elderly is high and does not change with age, and male elders have a higher personal adjustment level than female elders and personal adjustment increases with a higher educational level. Older people who are married have more personal adjustment more than older people who are divorced or whose spouses have died.

The Nature of the Dependent Relationship and the Eextent of its Impact on the Adaptation of the university Professor’s Relationship with Private Universities through an Employment Contract

Omed Aziz Ismail — 2025-06-17

This study aiming at evaluating and analyzing a court decision made by the Court of Cassation in both Federal Government and Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq. The decision rules that the contract made between university lecturers and private universities is not an employment contract, and therefore, their relationship based on that contract is not dependent to the articles of labour law. The court justifies its decision by stating that there is no possibility for private universities to oversee and guide university lecturer in what he/she performs, meaning that the subordination, which is a basic element to determine employment contract, is not exist between the two parties. For the purpose of the actuality of the decision and its argumentations, this research argues the concept of subordination not only through its classical elements but also through referring to all the new features of subordination were developed by developed countries and through case law. We have mainly considered the concept of subordination in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and some other countries that adopted common law system aiming to prove the inaccuracy of the decision made by the Cassation Court in Iraq and Kurdistan Region and the necessity to modify that decision.

The role of Public Relations in Managing International Conferences

Lana Sabr Mohammed Saeed — 2025-06-17

This research aims to identify the roles played by public relations in managing international conferences. This research is descriptive research and the field survey method was used for a non-random, intentional sample of (43) lecturers from the College of Humanities at the University of Sulaimani. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: Professors of the University of Sulaimani believe that before holding a conference, coordination must be made with the presidencies of universities, institutes and academic departments. The respondents believe that choosing appropriate slogans is one of the main tasks of the coordination and preparation committees for international conferences. The research sample attended more than one meeting with the conference initiator to discuss the main ideas. Faculty members at the University of Sulaimani were aware of all meetings with the conference sponsors and participated in them. The study sample attended more than one meeting to determine the main and sub-committees of the conference. The conference budget was estimated with the initiating party in a transparent and thoughtful manner.

Measuring and Analyzing the Role of Investment in Reducing Unemployment Rates in Iraq During the Period (2004-2023)

Pana Fuad Abdulla — 2025-06-17

Domestic and foreign investment are directly and indirectly important in all areas, especially in reducing unemployment. The main objective of this study is to measure and analyze the impact of domestic and foreign investment on the unemployment rate in Iraq, based on secondary data (secondary data) for the years (2004-2023) and using the program (E-Views -12). Using the ARDL method to find the short-term and long-term effects of domestic and foreign investment on unemployment, the study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a clear effect of domestic investment on reducing unemployment. In the short run an increase in domestic investment affects a decrease in unemployment by (6.43-), and an inverse relationship, while an increase in foreign investment affects a decrease in unemployment by (-0.31), and also an inverse relationship There is an increase in the unemployment rate by (0.57),the effects of domestic and foreign investment on the unemployment rate unemployment is more effective in the short run than in the long run. Foreign investment has less impact than domestic investment on reducing unemployment, because Iraq relies more on the oil sector, which uses the least domestic labor, the study made several recommendations, the most important of which is to increase the level of domestic and foreign investment The principle of increasing job opportunities and reducing unemployment.

Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of Residential Investment on the Number of Tenants in the Kurdistan Region

Baban Ali Abdullah — 2025-06-17

Investment in Shelter forms a cornerstone of the contemporary economic structure, The emphasis is on creating housing developments to address the rising need for homes and to generate rapid and valuable economic returns. In return, tenants are the main driver of economic returns in this sector and the main motivation for investment in the housing sector. This study attempts to explain how housing investment in the Kurdistan Region has affected the decline in occupancy rates by analyzing actual housing investment, occupancy degrees, and how they are interconnected. The study relied on descriptive analysis and standard approaches and used the ARDL model with short and long term variables (housing investment, occupancy rate, personal income, family formation, population, and unemployment rate) for the study over the period (2006-2024) incorporating a dummy variable representing the war against the terrorist organization. A 1% increase in housing investment decreases the occupancy rate by 0.0115% in the near term and 0.0257% in the long term. This reflects an inverse relationship between housing investment and occupancy, consistent with economic theory and previous studies. It also suggests that the impact of investment in real estate The decrease in occupancy aligns with the current situation in the Kurdistan region, although not at the required level. Furthermore, all other independent variables are significant and influential, albeit at different levels. The study makes several recommendations, including the need to organize and support housing investments in order to build housing within purchasing power and to contribute more effectively to occupancy reduction. It also emphasizes the importance of granting real estate loans to tenants through land distribution and long-term installment payments.

Study and Analysis of the Forward and Backward Linkages Between Sectoral Investments and their Impact on Economic Growth in the Kurdistan Region.

Dyana Haidar Hussain — 2025-06-17

Sectoral investments are a vital pillar for enhancing economic growth, as forward and backward linkages play a pivotal role in fostering this growth and increasing the efficiency of utilizing sectoral investments. In recent years, the Kurdistan Region has witnessed significant positive changes in its investment environment, leading to an increase in investment volume. However, it faces challenges related to the imbalance between the volume of investments in various sectors, and the resulting impact on the level of real economic growth. The research aims to analyze the reality of investment and its percentage in various economic sectors in the Kurdistan Region, while providing comparisons between investments in various governorates. The research also aims to measure the impact of sectoral investments on economic growth. The research relied on the analytical and quantitative method using annual data for the period (2006-2024) through the use of the (ARDL) model to find short- and long-term effects. Among the most important conclusions, despite the existence of correlation, integration and causal relationships between the three sectors (agriculture, industry and tourism), the size of the impact of each of them on the gross domestic product and achieving economic growth is very small, and the existence of weak backward and forward links between the various economic sectors, which leads to fluctuations and a small impact and contribution of these three sectors to the gross domestic product during the research period. However, the contribution of industrial investment to the gross domestic product is much higher compared to both sectors (agriculture and industry) in both the short and long periods. This may be due to the presence of a large number of factories and small industrial projects with industrial diversity, as well as the large connection of the industrial sector with the oil extractive sector, as the regional government relies heavily on the oil sector. The research proposes restructuring the economy of the Kurdistan Region at the macro and sectoral levels so that it pays attention to all sectors in a balanced manner and works to increase their links as well. At the same time, prioritizing investment in economic sectors of greater importance than other sectors, and working to increase the share of investment expenditures in the general budget to support economic sectors in a manner that ensures rapid growth and flexibility in the face of changes and crises occurring locally, regionally, and internationally, are essential.

The Role of Strategic Awareness in Achieving Strategic Leadership

Ahlam Ibrahim Wali — 2025-06-22

the aim of the research is to analyze the relationship and impact of the strategic awareness variable in private universities, represented by its dimensions (internal strategic awareness, external strategic awareness), in the dimensions of strategic leadership represented by (creativity, competitive advantage, and risk tolerance).

The general framework of the research is represented by the problem of the study, which identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship and influence between the independent variable (strategic awareness) and the dependent variable (strategic leadership). Multiple questionnaires were used as the main tool for data acquisition.

The research followed the descriptive analytical approach, as the main and sub-variables were described, as well as the analysis of relationships and influence between the variables, representing the research community in all the private universities in the city of Erbil, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which numbered (9) universities. The sample was represented by (7) universities, and the respondents were (85) members of the college councils in the selected sample of universities. The hypotheses were tested through a set of statistical tests using the computer program (SPSS V.23).

The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of high correlations and strong influences between the main and sub-variables, at the macro and micro levels, and the correlation was high between external awareness and creativity, while the influence of external awareness was strong in strategic leadership. The research suggested a set of proposals in the light of the conclusions, including the necessity of harnessing the strong relations between the two variables and their orientation towards serving the researched universities with the need to strengthen the relationship between internal awareness and risk tolerance and serious endeavor to support weak relations.

The Impact of Tourism Investment on Economic Growth in Iraq During the Period (1990-2020)

Unis Ali Ahmad — 2025-06-22

The tourism sector is one of the important economic sectors in many countries that have had a share in the field of tourism investment, as it makes an effective contribution to the economic growth of the country, and given the importance of tourism investment in employing manpower, providing job opportunities, eliminating unemployment and improving the quality of life for the population, as well as developing Tourism services such as hotel services, tourist restaurants, travel and tourism companies، The research aims to demonstrate the importance of tourism investment in economic growth. Despite Iraq’s possession of important religious, archaeological and historical sites, it suffers from neglect as well as the lack of attractive environmental conditions for tourism investments due to security problems and the conditions that Iraq experienced during the period in which It was followed in 2003, and in order to demonstrate this, the research used standard analysis using the (Eviews10) program, it adopted the (ARDL) model, and it reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are as The most important of which is that investment in the tourism sector is one of the important and pioneering sectors that affect the country’s economy and its progress and revitalization leads to an increase in the gross domestic product and thus achieving economic growth in all other sectors and the field of tourism due to its significant impact and contribution to economic growth.

The Role of Transformational Leadership in Enhancing Organizational Success

Pareshan Maruf Jamil — 2025-06-22

The general framework: The study used, through its general framework, to define the research problem, several questions related to the nature of the relationship and the influence between the independent variable represented by transformational leadership and the dependent variable represented by organizational success, where the hypothetical scheme of the study was developed, which consisted of four main hypotheses, and for the purpose of verifying the validity of the hypotheses, all of them were subject to analyses. Statistics and many tests using the statistical analysis program (SPSS V.26). The arbitrators and statistical methods were used for the purpose of verifying the validity and stability of the questionnaire, the simple and multiple linear regression, as well as the correlation.

Objective: The current research aims to know the role of transformational leadership in promoting organizational success. Where the dimensions of the independent variable included transformational leadership (ideal influence (charisma), motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual considerations), while the dimensions of organizational success were (efficiency, effectiveness).

Research methodology: The research used the descriptive approach for the purpose of describing the main variables, and using the analytical approach to analyze the relationships and correlation between the variables of the study and its dimensions used in the research. (168) individuals, and the number of questionnaires valid for statistical analysis was (142) individuals.

Conclusions and Suggestions: The study reached a number of conclusions, most notably the existence of a significant and direct correlation with high levels between transformational leadership and organizational success according to the macro and partial levels, which indicates that the more the studied food factories use transformational leadership, the more this leads to strengthening its method in promoting organizational success. With a significant impact relationship of the transformational leadership variable on the organizational success variable, which indicates that the dependence of the researched food factories on transformational leadership affects the promotion of a high level of organizational success for them. One of the most important proposals that he reached is the need to strengthen the weak relationship, and in particular the impact of intellectual stimulation on organizational success through the researched food factories stimulating the efforts of workers and benefiting from their potential and knowing the extent of their awareness in problem-solving and creativity at work.

The Role of the Marketing Information System in Achieving Competitive Advantages

Ali Ibrahim Wali — 2025-06-22

The research aims to study the topic of marketing information system in achieving competitive priorities, and the researchers presented the literature related to these topics. In order to verify these hypotheses, they were subjected to a set of statistical tests. The research followed the descriptive analytical method. The research sample was selected from a number of managers in a number of private hospitals in the city of Erbil. As (88) forms were distributed to the responding individuals and (75) forms were obtained, all of which are valid for analysis, and the (SPSS) program was used to study the supposed relationships in the research model, and the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which, the results of the analysis revealed the existence of statistically significant differences Among the respondents' answers towards the dimensions of the marketing information system, the competitive precedences are based on the personal characteristics of the respondents, that is, they have an equal or close view towards the two variables, as well as the existence of correlation and influence relationships between them. As for the proposals reached by the research, it is the need to pay attention to the marketing information system through its three dimensions.

The Role of Organizational Strength in Promoting Entrepreneurial Orientation

Ahlam Ibrahim Wali — 2025-06-22

The research aims to determine the relationship and impact of organizational power in private universities, which is represented by their dimensions (solid power, flexible power), in the dimensions of the pioneering orientation of (orientation towards creativity, orientation towards risk tolerance, pro activeness).

The general framework for research is the research problem, which has been identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship and the impact between the independent variable (organizational power)

The variable adopted (entrepreneurial orientation) was designed, and for this reason, a hypothetical scheme was designed that produced a set of key hypotheses, and in order to ascertain the validity of the hypotheses, all of which were subject to multiple tests, the resolution form was used as a key tool for obtaining data.

The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach, describing the main and sub-variables, as well as analysing the relationships and impact between the variables, representing the research community of all the 9 private universities in Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq. The sample consisted of 7 universities, while the 79 responding individuals were members of college boardsIn the selected sample of universities. Hypotheses were tested through a set of statistical tests by software (SPSS V.23).

The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of positive correlations and strong effects between the main and sub-variables, at the macro and partial level. The research suggested a range of proposals, including the need to harness strong relationships between the two variables and their orientation towards serving researched universities.

The Role of Human Resource Management Practices in Strategic Success

Ahlam Ibrahim Wali — 2025-06-22

The research aims to determine the relationship and impact of human resource management practices in private universities, represented by its dimensions (human resource planning, polarization, selection, performance evaluation, human resource maintenance), in the dimensions of strategic success represented by (adaptation, growth, survival).

The general framework of the research is the research problem, which was identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship and the effect between the independent variable (human resource management practices) and the dependent variable (strategic success). All of them were subjected to multiple tests, and the questionnaire was used as the main tool for obtaining data.

The research followed the descriptive analytical approach, as the main and sub-variables were described, as well as the analysis of relationships and influence between the variables, the research population represent all the head of departments in all the private universities in the city of Erbil, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which numbered (9) universities. The sample was represented by (5) universities, and the respondents were (76) heads of scientific departments in the universities selected from. The hypotheses were tested through a set of statistical tests using the computer program (SPSS V.23).

The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of positive correlations and strong influences between the main and sub-variables, at the macro and micro levels. The research suggested a set of proposals, including the necessity of harnessing the strong relations between the two variables and directing them towards serving the researched universities.

The Role of Entrepreneurial Marketing in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Strategic Decisions

Mahabat Nwri Abdullah — 2025-06-22

The study aims to identify the role of entrepreneurial marketing with its dimensions (Customer Emphasis - Seizing the opportunities - Creativity in product and service), in enhancing the effectiveness of strategic decisions with indicators to enhance their effectiveness (Appropriate decision - accept the decision - Decision quality). The general framework of the study is represented by the problem of the study. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the data. Then, it was distributed to managers, (106) questionnaires were distributed and the number of questionnaires returned (96) and the number of questionnaires valid for analysis was (93). Several tests were conducted before and after distributing the questionnaire to verify its validity, reliability and validity in measuring the study variables such as apparent validity and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient) And that through the use of statistical methods by the computer program (SPSS, V.21). The study adopted the descriptive-analytical method, Such as the study population in all first-class hotels in Erbil city includes (14) five-star hotels. the results of the correlation analysis revealed about, the existence of positive, moral relationships at a high-level and influence between entrepreneurial marketing and the effectiveness of strategic decisions at the macro and micro levels, Based on the conclusions reached by the researcher, a set of proposals was formulated, the most important of which are: The necessity of emphasizing the understanding of customer needs in order to meet them in a way that satisfies the customer and not according to what the management sees in the hotels, is also The necessity the hotel management should focus on researching new service products for competitors and work on developing them.

The Role of Competitive Environment Characteristics in Determining Strategic Options

Jwan Saadllah Rashid — 2025-06-25

The research aims to uncover the role of competitive environment characteristics (intensity of current competition, threat of substitute services, threat of entry of new competitors, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers) in strategic choices (growth strategy, stability strategy, contraction strategy).

The research problem was defined in several questions centered on the nature of the correlation and influence relationship between the research variables. To this end, a hypothetical research plan was developed, expressing two main hypotheses. To verify the validity of the hypotheses, all were subjected to multiple tests to confirm their validity. A questionnaire was used as a means of obtaining data.

The research adopted the descriptive analysis approach to achieve the research objective and to find the relationship between the research variables. The research sample was selected from managers of several private banks in Erbil, totaling (83) managers in (25) private banks. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a correlation and influence relationship between the variables. It recommended exploiting this relationship to serve the field under study.

The Role of Administrative Process Reengineering in Enhancing Competitiveness

Razaw Abdulxaliq Husain — 2025-06-25

The research aims to demonstrate the role played by the re-engineering of administrative processes in private hospitals represented by its dimensions (redesign of the structure of the organization, information technology, change in the behavior of individuals, services accompanying business) in improving the competitive position.

The general framework of the research represents the research problem, which has been identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship, impact and variation between the independent variable (re-engineering of administrative processes) and the dependent variable (competitive position), and for this reason a hypothetical scheme was designed for the research that expressed a set of key hypotheses, and in order to verify their correctness underwent multiple tests and the research used the questionnaire form as a means of obtaining data.

The research followed the descriptive analytical approach, where the main and sub-variables were described, as well as the analysis of relationships and influence between variables, and the research used descriptive statistics and some other statistical measures to measure variables, and the research tested its hypotheses on the directors of departments in private hospitals in Erbil city, which number (76) managers representing the research sample with (12) hospitals out of the research community (18) hospitals, and the hypotheses were tested by the computer program (SPSS. Ver.24).

The research reached a set of main conclusions, including the existence of positive and high-level moral relationships between the re-engineering of administrative processes and the competitive position at the macro and micro level, and the research proposed a set of proposals, the most important of which is the need to invest in the strong relationship between the two variables.

The Role of Interactive Marketing in Achieving Strategic Excellence

Hazha Xatab Mohammed — 2025-06-25

Objective: This research aimed to determine the role of interactive marketing for telecom companies, represented by its dimensions (trust, interaction, service quality, response to customer complaints) on the dimensions of strategic ingenuity represented by (strategy exploring opportunities, strategy exploiting opportunities, structural ingenuity).

General framework: The general framework of the study represents the problem of the study, which identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship, the impact between the independent variable (interactive marketing) and the dependent variable (strategic ingenuity). All hypotheses were subjected to multiple tests, and the study used a questionnaire as a means to obtain data.

Study Method: The study followed the descriptive analytical approach, where the main and sub-variables were described, as well as to analyze the impact between the variables. The study population represented the telecommunications companies in the province of Erbil, which numbered (4) companies. As for the responding individuals, their number reached (91) cadres of the sales department and for the services of the study sample. Hypotheses were tested by applying statistical methods using the computer program (SPSS V.22).

The value of the study: The study reached a set of main conclusions, including the results of the correlation analysis revealed the existence of positive and high-level moral relationships between interactive marketing and strategic ingenuity at the macro and micro levels, and this confirms the benefit of the researched organizations from identifying interactive marketing and its contribution to strategic ingenuity. In addition, there is a positive and significant effect of the interactive marketing variable on the strategic ingenuity variable, according to what was revealed by the analysis indicators at the overall level, as well as the regression results indicated the presence of an effect for each of the dimensions of interactive marketing (trust, interaction, service quality, response to customer complaints) respectively contributed to this effect.

Conclusions and Suggestions: The research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is the existence of a significant and positive correlation between and at a good level between interactive marketing and strategic ingenuity according to the macro and micro levels, which indicates that the greater the use of the surveyed communication companies, the more interactive marketing this leads to enhancing their method of applying Strategic ingenuity. In addition to the presence of a positive effect of the interactive marketing variable on strategic ingenuity, according to the results of the statistical analysis according to the total level, while the regression results revealed that there is an effect for each dimension of interactive marketing, respectively, in achieving strategic ingenuity.

The Role of Organizational Agility in Achieving Strategic Recovery

Chiman Babakr Mohammed Babakr Mohammed — 2025-06-25

The research aims to determine the relationship and impact of organization agility in private Banks, represented by its dimensions (Responsiveness, Flexibility, Competency, Speed), in the dimensions of strategic recovery represented by (Retrenchment Strategy, Deprivation Strategy, Strategy of Return).

The general framework of the research is the research problem, which was identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship and the effect between the independent variable (organization agility) and the dependent variable (strategic recovery). All of them were subjected to multiple tests, and the questionnaire was used as the main tool for collecting data.

The research followed the descriptive analytical approach, as the main and sub-variables were described, as well as the analysis of relationships and impact between the variables, representing the research community in all the private banks in the city of Erbil, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The sample was represented by (24) banks, and the respondents were (89) Managers in private Banks. The hypotheses were tested through a set of statistical tests using the computer program (SPSS V.23).

The research suggested a set of proposals, including the necessity of harnessing the strong relations between the two variables and directing them towards serving the researched banks.

The Role of Marketing Capabilities in Customer Knowledge Management

Dashti Abdulmuhsin Ibrahim — 2025-06-30

Objective: The current study aimed to analyze the role of the marketing capabilities of private banks in their dimensions (banking, pricing management, distribution channel management, marketing communications) in the dimensions of customer knowledge management (customer knowledge, knowledge from customer, knowledge about customer).

The General Framework: the study's approach is to identify the problem of the study by asking several questions focused on the nature of the relationship, the impact and the difference between the variables of the independent study (marketing capabilities) and the approved variable (customer knowledge management), and a hypothetical scheme of the study was designed and emerged from six main hypotheses, and to verify the validity of the hypotheses were assigned to a set of statistical tests.

Methodology of the Study: The study followed the descriptive approach, In describing the main and sub-variables, as well as the analytical approach in analyzing the relationships and impact between the main variables and their dimensions adopted in the study, the private banks in Erbil city and their sample represented by (19) banks, and distributed (115) forms to the managers who were encouraged and obtained (108) form valid for analysis, the hypotheses were tested through a series of analyses and statistical tests by the(SPSS) software.

Conclusions and Recommendations: The study reached a set of key conclusions, including revealing the results of the link analysis of positive moral relationships and a high level between marketing capabilities and customer knowledge management at the macro and partial level, and this confirms the benefit of the researched banks in determining marketing capabilities and their contribution to the management of customer knowledge. In addition, there is a positive impact and moral levels of variable marketing capabilities in the management of customer knowledge, as produced by the indicators of analysis at the macro level, as well as the results of the decline indicated the presence of an impact on each dimension of marketing capabilities respectively in building customer knowledge management. The study suggested a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to invest in and guide the strong relationship between marketing capabilities, customer knowledge management and guidance.

Evaluating the Role of Private Universities in Achieving a Culture of Entrepreneurship

Rebaz Noradin Aziz — 2025-06-30

The research aims to evaluate the role of private universities in achieving an entrepreneurial culture. The methodology adopted by the research is represented in defining the research problem by asking several questions centered around the difference between the estimates of the research sample to assess the role of private universities in Erbil city in achieving entrepreneurial culture from the point of view of the faculty members and to validate the hypotheses, they were subjected to a set of statistical tests. The research used the descriptive analytical approach, as the variables were described as well as the research population represented by all faculty members in private universities in Erbil and its sample, represented by (4) universities, and (340) forms were distributed to the respondents, and (336) forms valid for analysis were obtained. Finally, the descriptive analysis and the variance were tested through statistical methods using the SPSS v-26. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of high levels of entrepreneurial education, leadership, governance, and entrepreneurship, and there is also the presence and organizational capabilities, support and preparation of entrepreneurs, exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the surveyed universities in the Erbil city. In contrast, the analysis results indicated that private universities in Erbil city have slow procedures regarding the requirements for achieving entrepreneurship. Private universities face difficulties in providing financial resources to achieve entrepreneurship. Moreover, the responders agreed that private universities are weak in initiatives based on the importance of entrepreneurship. A large number of university burdens do not allow it to promote the achievement of entrepreneurship, and there is a lack of institutional business models in the management and employment of entrepreneurship in private universities. The results indicate that there are no statistically significant variances between the means estimates of the research sample to assess the role of private universities in Erbil city in achieving entrepreneurship culture from the point of view of faculty members due to the gender variable (male, female). The results showed no variances in academic qualifications (Master's and Ph.D.). There are also statistically significant variances between the means of the estimates of the research sample to assess the role of private universities in Erbil city in achieving entrepreneurship culture from the point of view of faculty members due to the variable of the place of obtaining the academic qualification. Also, there are statistically significant variances between the means estimates of the research sample to assess the role of private universities in Erbil city in achieving entrepreneurship culture from the point of view of faculty members due to the scientific title and years of experience variable.

Requirements for Implementing Excellence Management and its Role in Adopting Competitive Strategies

Ahlam Ibrahim Wali — 2025-06-30

Objective: The current study aimed to determine the availability of the requirements for implementing excellence management at the universities under study, in addition to analyzing the relationship and impact of the requirements for implementing excellence management, represented by its dimensions (leadership, strategy, human resource management, relationships and resources, operations management, and student satisfaction), on the dimensions of competitive strategies, represented by (cost leadership strategy, excellence strategy, and focus strategy).

General Framework: The general framework of the study represents the study problem, which was defined by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship and influence between the independent variable (excellence management) and the dependent variable (competitive strategies). To this end, a hypothetical plan was designed for the study, expressing three main hypotheses. To verify the validity of the hypotheses, all were subjected to multiple tests. The study used a questionnaire as a means of obtaining data.

Study Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach, describing the main and sub-variables to analyze the relationships and influence between the variables. The study population represents (9) private universities in Erbil. (5) of these were selected to represent the study sample after other universities declined to participate. The number of respondents reached (105) members of the college councils in the study sample. The hypotheses were tested through a set of statistical analyses and tests using the computer program (SPSS V.22).

Conclusions and Suggestions: The study reached a set of main conclusions, including the existence of a significant, positive relationship at a high level between excellence management and competitive strategies at the macro and micro levels. This confirms the benefit the universities studied benefit from employing excellence management application requirements in adopting competitive strategies. Furthermore, there was a positive, significant effect of the excellence management application requirements variable on the competitive strategy adoption variable, as revealed by the analysis indicators at the macro level. The regression results also indicated an effect for each dimension of excellence management application requirements (leadership, strategy, human resource management, relations and resources, operations management, and student satisfaction), respectively, on the adoption of competitive strategies. The study proposed a set of proposals, the most important of which is the need to capitalize on the strong relationship between the requirements for implementing excellence management and the adoption of competitive strategies, and to direct this relationship toward serving the universities under study.

The Role of the Dashboard in Marketing Banking Services

Vyan Issa Abdullah — 2025-07-05

Objective: The current study aimed to analyze the relationship and impact of the dashboard represented by its dimensions (dashboard status، dashboard content، dashboard periodicity، dashboard consistency، dashboard quality) on banking services marketing elements represented by (product (service)، pricing، Promotion، distribution، people، physical evidence، operations.

The general framework: The general framework of the study represents the problem of the study، which identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship، the impact، and the contrast between the independent variable (the dashboard) and the approved variable (banking services marketing). The validity of the hypotheses was all subjected to multiple tests، and the study used a questionnaire as a means to obtain data.

Study Methodology: The study followed the descriptive analytical approach، where the main and sub-variables were described، as well as to analyze the relationships and impact between the variables. The study population represented the private banks in the city of Erbil، which numbered (38) banks. As for the responding individuals، their number reached (138) managers in private banks in the city of Erbil. Hypotheses were tested by applying statistical methods using the computer program (SPSS V.26). The value of the study: The study reached a set of main conclusions، including the existence of a highly significant correlation between the dashboard variable and the banking services marketing variable. The study suggested a set of proposals، the most important of which is the need to support weak relations، especially the relationship of the content of the dashboard to the distribution، given the external data.

The Role of Marketing Mix Strategies in Achieving Consumer Satisfaction

Awara Qadr Ahmad — 2025-07-05

The aim of the current research is to know the levels of marketing mix strategies in the Awamedica Pharmaceutical Company and to analyze the relationship and impact of these strategies represented by the marketing mix. (product, pricing, distribution, promotion) in achieving consumer satisfaction.

The general framework of the research is represented by the problem of the study, which determines by raising several questions about the nature of the correlation and influence between independent variable (marketing mix strategies) and dependent variable (consumer satisfaction). Using up questionnaire to collect data.

The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach, where the main and sub-variables are described, and then the correlation and influence relationships between the variables are analyzed.

The research community population represented by all consumers of the products of Awamedka Company for Pharmaceutical Production in the city of Erbil. (250) questionnaires were randomly distributed to represent the research sample. The number of received questionnaires (238) questionnaires, and the number of questionnaires valid for analysis was (216). The hypotheses were tested by applying statistical methods using the (spss.v.22).

The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of strong relationships and impact between the marketing mix strategies and consumer satisfaction. The research recommended the need to support weak relationships and know the causes of their weakness and treatment.