The Principle of Legality of Comparative Advertising

Authors

  • Abdulrahman Yahya Mahmood Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Raparin University, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
  • Kamaran Al- Salihi Department of Law, Relations and Administration , Soran University, Erbil, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25098/6.2.21

Keywords:

Comparative Advertising, Misleading Advertising, Legality of Comparative Advertising, Non-confusing and Truthful comparisons.

Abstract

This research offers an informed examination of comparative advertising using analysis as a research approach. The research's principal goal is to form a legal framework for the use of comparative advertising that includes marketing and promoting goods and the company's advertising. Comparative advertising influences consumer decision-making, behavior, and consumerism through the ethical principles of advertising. To establish rules for utilizing the names of other products, this research intends to investigate the moral requirements of comparative advertising as well as the effects of direct comparison advertising on customer behavior.

Advertising is significant in a competitive activity where it is necessary to decide between misleading information. Moreover, several fairness and objectivity requirements have been developed at the EU level through laws to distinguish between truthful and comparative advertising encourage free competition and consumer welfare, and avoid misleading the public about the origin of the goods or services offered. It is a tool for enhancing consumer trust and fostering free trade. This study explains and analyzes the legality of comparative advertising, a concise analysis of the law and the case. It considers legal defenses against unfair competition, and proceedings and analyzes the implications of applicable state law and various required amendments.

This study will divide into sections; the first section is divided to the extent of the legality of comparative advertising in legislation, jurisprudence, and the judiciary. The second is the condition one deals with for the validity of comparative advertising. Finally, it will evaluate the legal controls of comparative advertising.

References

Books

- Dr. Abdul-Majid Al-Hakim, Dr. Abdul-Baqi Al-Bakri and Muhammad Taha Al-Bashir, The Brief in Commitment Theory - Part 2, (Baghdad University Press - Baghdad -1986).

- Gary M. Armstrong, Stewart Adam, Sara Marion Denize, Michael Volkov and Philip Kotler, Principles of Marketing, (Pearson Australia, 2017).

- Graeme B. Dinwoodie and ‎Mark D. Janis, Trademarks and Unfair Competition: Law and Policy, (Aspen publishing, fifth edition, 2018)

- Jeann Calais, Auloy et Frank Steinmetz, Droit de la Consommation, (4 edition, Dalloz, Paris,1996).

Journal Articles

- Dr. Ahmed Ali Suleiman, ‘Consumer Protection’, (2004) first edition, dar al-kitab for publishing and distribution Alexandria 421.

- Ahmed Al-Saeed Al-Zaqard, ‘Legal Protection from Advertising Deception in Kuwaiti and Comparative Law’, (1995) 9(4) Research published in the Journal of Law, College of Law, Kuwait University.

- André Bertrand, ‘Peut-on vraiment légaliser la publicité comparative? 38 Revue du Droit de la Propriété Intellectuelle’, 1991.

- Generally Rafael Cepas Palanca, ‘The directive on comparative advertising, 3 Revue des Affaires Européennes’, 1998.

- Govind Yadav, ‘Comparative Advertisement: A Comparative Analysis of Law on in UK USA and India’, (2019) 7(1) International Journal of Reviews and Research in Social Sciences 57-63.

- Ibrahim Ali, ‘Comparative Commercials between the Right to Advertising and Unfair Competition: A Comparative Study’, (2013) 54 Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Mansoura University, Faculty of Law

- Jeffrey P. Singdahls, ‘The Risk of Chill: A Cost of the Standards Governing the Regulation of False Advertising Under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act’, (1991) 77 L. Rev. 339- 340

- Jeremy Phillips, ‘Trade Marks at the Limit’, (2006) University of London, Cheltenham UK and Northampton USA.

- Jozef Andraško & Soňa Ralbovská Sopúchová, ‘Limitations of Comparative Advertising Permissibility: Denigration/Disparagement’, (2016) 16 (2) Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Law, Slovak Republic.

- Marc Ancel, ‘Case Law in France’, (1934) 16 (1) Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law Cambridge University Press 1-17

- Paul Spink and Ross Petty, ‘Comparative Advertising in the European Union’, (1998) 47(4) The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Cambridge University Press 855-876

- Peter Miskolczi-Bodnar, ‘Definition of comparative advertising’, (2004) 3 (1) European Integration Studies, Miskolc.

- Sherman Hanna, ‘the Economics of Information, Comparative Advertising in the United States and in France’, (2005) 1 Oxford U Comparative L Forum.

- Stewart E. Sterck, ‘the Law of Comparative Advertising: How Much Worse Is “Better” than “Great,” ’ (1976)76 , 80-81

- Theo Bodewig, ‘the Regulation of Comparative Advertising in the European Union’, (1994) 9 187 Tul. Eur. & Civ. L.F. 179.

Case law

- August Storck K.G. v. Nabisco, Inc., 59 F.3d 616, 618 (7th Cir. 1995).

- Castrol, Inc. v. Pennzoil Co., 987 F.2d 939, 941, 946 (3d Cir. 1993)

- Colgate Palmolive Company & Anr. Vs. Hindustan Unilever Ltd., 2014 (57) PTC 47 [Del] (DB].

- Dabur India Ltd. vs. Colortek Meghalaya Pvt. Ltd. & Anr., 167 (2010) DLT 278 (DB).

- Deere & Co v. MTD Prods. Inc., 41 F.3d 39, 44 (2d Cir. 1994).

- Havells India Ltd & Anr vs Amritanshu Khaitan & Ors DelHC CS (OS) 107/2015.

- Karamchand Appliances Pvt. Ltd vs. Sh. Adhikari Brothers and Ors. {2005 (31) PTC 1 (Del).

- Natrona Serv., Inc., v. Cont’l Oil Co., 598 F.2d 1294 (10th Cir. 1979).

- Pepsi Co. vs. Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd. Pepsi Co [2001 (21) PTC 722].

- Procter & Gamble Home Products Private Limited v. Hindustan Unilever Ltd.[ Decided on February 17, 2017].

- Reckitt & Colman of India Ltd vs. M.P.Ramachandran & others [1999 PTC (19) 741].

- Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharms., Inc. v. Marion Merrell Dow, Inc., 93 F.3d 511, 516 (8th Cir. 1996).

- Smith v. Chanel, Inc., 402 F.2d 562 (9th Cir. 1968) .

- Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan, 506 U.S. 447 (1993).

Law

- 16 C.F.R. § 14.15(c), 16 C.F.R. § 14.15(b).

- Commission Proposal of May 28, 1991 for a Council Directive Concerning Comparative Advertising and Amending Directive 84/450/EEC Concerning Misleading Advertising, 1991 O.J. (C 180) 14.

- Competition and Antitrust Law in Iraq No. 14 of 2010, Article (10).

- Consumer Protection Egyptian Law enacted by Law No. 67 of 2006. Article 17.

- Council Directive 97/55/EC of 6 October 1997 Amending Directive 84/450/EEC Concerning Misleading Advertising.

- Egyptian Intellectual Property Rights Protection Law No. 82, 2002, Article 101, 106, 114/7.

- The Federal Trade Commission Act; 15 U.S.C. 45 (a -1).

Academic Research

- Amanj Rahim Ahmed, Consumer protection within the scope of the contract, a comparative analytical study in civil law, Al-Iraqi, Publications Company for Distribution and Publishing, Beirut, Lebanon, first edition, 2010.

- Hala Miqdad Al-Jalili - Announcement - PhD thesis submitted to the College of Law - University of Mosul -2002.

Judicial Decisions

- CA Paris, Dec. 10, 1963,

- Ann. Prop. Ind. 1964, 67, CA Paris, June 6, 1964, D. 1964, CA Paris, Sept. 24, 1996, D. 1997, 235; CA Paris, Paris, P Ô LE 05 CH. 02, N° 08/21978, 26 Nov,, 2010. CA Paris, Mar. 16, 1984, Gaz. Pal. 1984, I, pan. jurispr. 369.

- Judgment of the Court (Paris) on August 26, 1980.

- Law No. 92-60 of Jan. 18, 1992 Reinforcing the Protection of Consumers, J.O., Dec. 21, 1992, p. 968; D.L. 1992, p. 129 [hereinafter the 1992 Act]. For a discussion on the provisions of the 1992 Act.

Online papers

- Barbara Lippert and Volker Perthes, Strategic Rivalry between United States and China, SWP, 2020/RP 04, 06.04.2020, p. 53 doi: 10.18449/2020RP04 . Available at: < https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/strategic-rivalry-between-united-states-and-china> accessed on 12 April 2021.

- Hassan Qaqaya and George Lipimile, The effects of anti-competitive business practices on developing countries and their development prospects, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2008. Available at:< https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditcclp20082_en.pdf > accessed on 5 may 2021

- John E. Villafranco, Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, Comparative Advertising Law in the US, practical law company, Available at:< file:///C:/Users/IT/Downloads/Comparative-Advertising-Law-in-the-US%20(3).pdf> accessed on 12 may 2021.

- Competition Law, Misleading and unlawful comparative advertising in UE. Truth In Advertising, legal news. Available at: <https://damianianddamiani.com/misleading-and-unlawful-comparative-advertising/> accessed on 23 may 2021.

- Ulf Bernitz, The EC Directive on Comparative Advertising and its Implementation in the Nordic Countries: Especially in Relation to Intellectual Property, Stockholm Institute for Scandianvian Law 1957-2009. Availlable at: < https://www.scandinavianlaw.se/pdf/42-1.pdf > accessed on 12 May 2021.

- ICC Advertising And Marketing Communications Code, 2018 Edition, Building consumer trust through responsible marketing, Document No. 240-46/745, Article 5 — Truthfulness. Available at: <https://iccwbo.org/content/uploads/sites/3/2018/09/icc-advertising-and-marketing-communications-code-int.pdf > accessed 23 May 2021.

Published

2023-02-18

How to Cite

Yahya Mahmood, A. ., & Al- Salihi , K. (2023). The Principle of Legality of Comparative Advertising. The Scientific Journal of Cihan University– Sulaimaniya, 6(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.25098/6.2.21

Issue

Section

Articles Vol6 Issue2